Day 4 Diseases: Skin-Viral

What is the cause of chicken pox?

Varicella zoster virus (herpes virus).

How is chicken pox transmitted?

Highly contagious,

respiratory droplets,

contact with leisions.

How is chickenpox prevented?

Vaccination (12-18 months, 4-6 years).

How is shingles caused?

Reactivation of varicella zoster virus (herpes virus).

How is shingles transmitted?

In elderly and immunocompromised.

How is shingles prevented?

Vaccination: chicken pox as a child, zostavax (> age 60).

How is smallpox caused?

Variola major virus.

How is smallpox transmitted?

Resp. droplets,

contact with crusted lesions,

fomites.

How it smallpox prevented?

Vaccination,

eradicated.

Name the extracellular structures.

Cell membrane,

cell wall,

mycobacterium,

no cell wall.

What is the cell membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer.

What are hopanoids?

In place of cholesterol.

What are the functions of the cell wall?

Protection from osmosis and crushing,

attach to other cells,

some protection from antibiotics.

What are cell walls made out of?

Peptidoglycan (combo of protein and sugar).

What is this chain called, a chain of four anime acids?

NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM

II II

NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM

II II

NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM

Tetrapeptide.

What is a gram positive cell wall?

Thick layer of peptidoglycan,

protection from osmosis and crushing,

stain purple when Gram stained,

cause infections of respiratory track and skin

What is a gram-negative cell wall?

Thin layer of peptidoglycan,

Has extra outer layer of lipids,

Stain pink when gram stained,

Has a lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS),

Gram-negative bacteria usually cause infections in digestive tract and urinary tract.

What is lipid A?

Endotoxin,

released when gram negative cells die.

What complications does lipid A cause when gram-negative cells die?

Inflammation,

Decreased blood pressure (cad lead to shock then death),

Blood clotting issues.

What is the lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS)?

Can prevent entry of antibiotics, protects against lysozyme and protects against disinfectants.

What is microbacterium?

Thick layer of peptidoglycan,

thick outer lipid layer of mycolic acid.

What diseases can Microbacterium cause?

Tuberculosis (TB),

Leprosy.

What is it called when a cell loses a cell wall during infection?

Called “L-form”

What is an example of the “L form”?

Microplasma pneumoniae (causes walking pneumonia).

What is group translocation?

Only in some bacteria,

Modify substance as it is transported across membrane.

What is an example of group translocation?

Glucose (add phosphate and keeps glucose inside cell).

What is an external structure in human cells?

Flagellum/Flagella.

What do flagellum/flagella do?

Used for movement,

rotates like a propeller.