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peritonitis
life-threatening, acute inflammation & infection
causes:
contamination of peritoneal cavity
perforation (appendicitis, diverticulitis, PUD)
gangrene gallbladder/bowel, bowel obstruction
tumors, leakage during sx, CAPD
s/s:
abd pain localized/poorly localized/referred to shoulder
rigid, boardlike, distended abd
high fever, tachycardia, dec UO, dehydration, N/V/A, dec BS
peritonitis labs & mgmt
inc WBC/neutrophils
blood c/s: organism, septicemia
abd xray: free air/fluid
assess VS for septic shock (very low BP, dec pulse pressure, inc HR, inc RR, inc temp, skin changes, LOC changes)
prevention: strict asepsis
peritonitis sx & postop
MIS
postop
may leave incision open, peritoneal irrigation via drain (sterile technique)
monitor LOC, VS, resp, I&O Qh immediately after sx
semi-fowlers contain abd. drainage in lower abd, lung expansion
report to HCP
unusual, foul smelling drainage
swelling, redness, hyperpigmentation, warmth/bleeding from incision site
temp>101F
abd. pain
wound dehiscence/ileus
appendicitis s/s
pain then N/V, rebound tenderness
gangrene & sepsis within 24hrs
risk of perforation esp after 48hrs
perforation s/s
WBC> 20,000
abd pain that increases with pain/movement, relieved by bending at R hip/knees
appendicitis interventions
IV fluids, keep NPO for possible sx
semi-fowler contain abd drainage in lower abdomen
opioids, IV antibiotics
suspected/confirmed perforation → avoid laxatives/enemas/heat to abd
appendicitis sx
laprascopy—return to usual activities 1-2wk
lapratomy—if high risk/perforated
abd binder
manage sutures
drain: JP or NGT
return to usual activities 4-6wk
ulcerative colitis
inflammation: colon & rectum only
inc colon cancer risk, perforation
s/s
profuse, bloody diarrhea
abd pain relieved by defecation
malaise, anorexia, anemia, dehydration, fever, wt loss
fever + tachycardia: dehydration, peritonitis, bowel perforation
crohn’s
inflammation: any part of bowel
terminal ileus near ileo-cecal valve
cobblestone or skip lesions
fistulas, anal abscesses, granulomas
alert for s/s peritonitis, small bowel obstruction, nutritional/fluid imbalance
s/s
diet: high animal fats & sugar, no fruit/veg
stools: steatorrhea
abd pain: crampy, RLQ, confused with appendicitis
BS: dec/absent if severe inflammation/obstruction. inc high pitched/rushing in areas of narrowed bowel loops
muscle guarding, masses, rigidity, tenderness
severe wt loss due to malabsorption
labs
inc WBC, dec H&H, dec folic acid, Vit B12, albumin, inc CRP, ESR
fistula/abscess
inc temp, inc WBC, dec H&H, FE (dec K & Mg)
xray: narrowing, ulceration, stricture, fistula
MRE: bowel activity & motility
CD vs UC
CD
not curative
stools less bloody, less frequent than UC
transmural: skip lesions, cobblestone
location: terminal ileum
5-6 loose, soft, nonbloody stool
15-40yo
cx: fistula, nutritional defeciency
UC
more common, mucosa & submucosa only (no transmural)
continuous lesions
rx: total removal of colon & rectum
location: rectum → cecum
10-20 liquid bloody stool
15-35yo & 55-70yo
cx: hemorrhage, nutritional defeciency
UC mgmt
dec animal fats & sugars, inc fruits & veg, no smoking
keep diary of s/s, monitor skin
CD mgmt
if severe s/s → NPO
if malnourished → TPN
avoid coffee, alcohol, milk, gluten
peripheral parenteral nutrition V(PPN)
PIV, short term
fat based, need CHO
monitor irritation
do not reuse tubing
fat overload s/s:
fever, inc trig, clotting problem, multisystem organ failure
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
central line/PICC with IV pump, long term
hypertonic, high glucose
cx
F/E imbalance (K, Na, high Ca)
hyperosmolar—fluid shifts (CRI, CHF)
hyperglycemia
TPN maintenance
administer insulin
monitor hourly rate
if TPN soln unavailable, D10W/D20W until TPN soln
UC & CD drug therapy
iron, vitamins
anticholinergic (librax) to slow gut
antidiarrheals (imodium)
glucocorticoids for exacerbations (taper off)
immunosuppressive (imuran, mercaptopurine, methotrexate)
infliximab
parenteral administration
report injection site reactions
SE: HA, abd pain, N/V
avoid crowds & people with infection
report any infection including cold/sore throat
natalizumab
IV administration Q4wk
for Crohn’s if other drugs are ineffective
can cause PML (deadly infection that affects brain)
be sure pt is free of any and all infections b4 admin
report cognitive, motor, sensory changes immediately
vedolizumab
moderate ~ severe Crohn’s
IV admin at wk 0,2,6,8 then maintenance Q8wk
does not cause PML, but be cautious
antibiotics for infection
aminosalicylate (5-ASA)
for UC
2-4wk for effectiveness
sulfasalazine
turns body secretions orange
report N/V/A, rash, HA
check allergies to sulfonamide or other sulfa drugs
need folic acid supp.
mesalamine
better tolerated, less SE
ER PO, enema, supp
IBD postop care
MIS—no NGT, open sx—NPO, NGT x1-2days
ileostomy
stool drains within 24hrs of sx at >1L/day
fluids 500ml+/day
after about a week, stool drainage slows (thicker)
second stage of sx—burning during bowel elimination (gastric acid not well absorbed by ileum)
pouchitis → metronidazole
stoma
location: RLQ abd. below belt line
abnormal: prolapse, retract into abd. wall
normal: pinkish~cherry red
report STAT to sx: grey, bluish, pale, dark stoma
output: initially dark green → eventually paste-like yellow green/yellow brown
normally little odor or sweet odor, foul/unpleasant odor when blockage/infection
postop care
avoid nuts and corn (cannot be digested well)
avoid cabbage, asparagus, brussels sprouts, beans (causes odor/gas)
regular postop pain control, antidiarrheal drugs
inc pain: peritonitis
prevent/monitor lower GI bleed
medical emergency!
GI bleeding scan
localize site of bleeding
does not determine cause of bleeding
takes several hours to administer
critical care pts are not candidates
monitor stool for blood loss—frank blood or melena
check VS, H&H, electrolytes
s/s of dehydration/anemia: fever, tachycardia, FVD, LOC change
notify RRT or HCP if bleeding
blood transfusion through 2 large bore cath (if Hgb<7)
1 bag PRBC per 1 Hgb
fistula management
common in crohn’s
diet
high risk for malnutrition, dehydration, hypokalemia
3000cal/day
high calorie, high protein, high vitamin, low fiber
TPN if necessary
24H calorie count
monitor UO, daily wts
skin
ensure wound drainage is not in direct contact with skin
clean skin promptly
high risk of sepsis & abscess
diverticula vs diverticulosis vs diverticulitis
diverticula
pouchlike herniations of mucosa through muscular wall
anywhere in GI tract, most common in sigmoid colon
age 60+, low fiber diet, constipation, obesity
diverticulosis: many diverticula
diverticulitis
inflammation of 1+ diverticula
bowel irregularity, LLQ pain (sigmoid colon), N/A
occult bleeding
fever, inc WBC
acute diverticulitis s/s
low grade fever, severe abd pain, bloody, mahogany, tarry stools
diverticulitis dx & cx & mgmt
diagnosis
xray/CT scan
no barium enema in acute phase (risk for perforation)
colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy
CBC
complications
abscess, fistula, perforation, peritonitis, obstruction, adhesions
hospitalize if: T>101F, persistent severe abd pain >3 days, lower GIB
management
NPO, NGT LIS, IV fluids, broad spectrum abx
metronidazole, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin
avoid laxatives & enema for older adult (inc intestinal motility)
diet
acute: CLD
uncomp: low fiber
avoid indigestible roughage
avoid all fiber while s/s diverticulitis, eventually reach high fiber diet as inflammation resolves
avoid increasing intra-abdominal pressure during acute phase (avoid perforation)
emergency surgery if peritonitis/pelvic abscess
colon resection with/without colostomy
NPO with NGT until peristalsis returns (flatulence, BS)
advance diet with peristalsis return
peritonitis vs appendicitis vs diverticulitis
peritonitis
severe abd pain and distention
diminished BS
abd. pain lessens with movement
N/V/A
fever
rigid abd
appendicitis
N/V/A
severe abd. pain and distention
diverticulitis
severe abd pain and distention
fever
intestinal obstruction causes what 2 things
hypovolemia & acute kidney injury
sm. bowel vs lg. bowel obstruction
small bowel
rapid pain onset
colicky & crampy pain
frequent, copious vomiting
upper abd. distention
high pitched bowel sounds (borborgymi)
bowel movements present for a short time
sever F&E imbalance
met alkalosis
large bowel
gradual pain onset
mild → moderate, crampy pain
vomiting rare
lower abd. distention
absent bowel sounds
obstipation (severe or complete constipation, no bowel movement)
no F&E imbalance
met acidosis
CT/MRI shows gas above obstruction
visible peristalsis, cramping, tenderness
ask: passing stool or gas? partial obstruction → diarrhea
mechanical vs nonmechanical bowel obstruction
mechanical bowel obstruction
mild, intermittent, colicky pain
lower abd distention & obstipation
ribbonlike stool if obstruction is partial
nonmechanical bowel obstruction
constant, diffuse discomfort, no colicky pain
abd distention
dec bowel sounds early, absent bowel sounds later
vomiting—rarely profuse and rarely foul odor
bowel obstruction nonsurg mgmt
NGT
assess Q4h (placement, patency, output)
low cont. suction
semi fowler’s
frequent oral/nares care
monitor BP & pulse
assess abd BID
bowel sounds (dc suction when listening)
distention
flatus
opiates temporarily withheld
IV fluids 2-4L isotonic with potassium
monitor for FVE in older adults
monitor hypokalemia if vomiting a lot
lower bowel obstruction—disimpaction or enema
postop ileus: alvimopan PO (inc GI motility)
older adult
inc fruits & veg for fiber
high use of laxatives lead to atonic colon (dec abd. muscle)
exercise daily
bowel obstruction surg
exp lap first, open lap if needed
postop care:
NGT until peristalsis return
CLD → ADAT
IS, TCDB
suture/staple mgmt—abd binder
CRC screening
@ 40yo
discuss screening need with HCP
if family hx: begin early & more frequently
>45yo
fecal occult blood test Q1yr (2-3 separate stool samples x3days)
sigmoidoscopy or CT colonography Q5yr
colonoscopy Q10yr
avoid:
smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity
fatty, refined carb, low fiber diet
CRC s/s
rectal bleeding, anemia, change in stool consistency or shape
occult/mahogany/bright red stool
hematochezia (BRB in stool)
gas pains, cramping, incomplete evacuation
avoid 48hr prior to giving a stool specimen
ASA, Vit C, iron, corticosteroids, red meat
inc CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)
CRC cx
metastasis, obstruction, perforation, abscess, fistula, peritonitis
CRC nonsurg mgmt
chemo: stage 2-3 post sx
radiation: control pain, hemorrhage, bowel obstruction
standard of care for rectal cancer
monoclonal antibody: cetuximab (inc T killer cell)
used if metastasis
CRC postop
NGT to gastric decompress
pain mgmt: IV PCA
DVT prophylaxis
place pouch ASAP
stoma assessment—report if:
stoma ischemia/necrosis
continuous heavy bleeding
mucocutaneous separation
colostomy starts functioning in 2-3days
empty pouch when 1/3~1/2 full
CRC pouch system
flat firm abdomen: flexible or nonflexible
firm abdomen with lateral crease/fold: flexible
deep creases, flabby abd., retracted stoma, stoma flush or concave to abd surfce → convex appliance with stoma belt
CRC perineal wound care
drains—serosanguinous for 1-2mo postop
comfort measures
sitz bath 10-20min 3-4x/day
allowed: side lying, foam pad/soft pillow to sit on
avoid: sitting for long time, air ring/rubber donut
cx: F-E balance, infection
CRC postop care
stool softeners
colon resection—s/s of obstruction or perforation
cramping, abd pain, N/V
avoid gas-producing food and carb. bev
4-6wk to establish bowel patterns
ostomy skin care
skin sealant, dry before pouch application
stoma powder/paste if raw/skin stripping
filler cream to fill crevice & crease
fungal rash → antifungal cream/powder
hypokalemia s/s
flat T waves, ST depression, prominent U wave
dec DTR, muscle cramping, flaccid paralysis
de motility, hypoactive to absent bowel sounds
constipation
abd distention
hypomagnesemia s/s
ST depression, T wave inversion (vfib if severe)
tachycardia
inc DTR
nystagmus (abnormal eye movement)
diarreha