H Biology - Unit 1 - KA8 - Genomic Sequencing

What can be done by genomic sequencing?

By genomic sequencing, the sequences of nucleotide bases can be determined for individual genes and entire genomes

What is used to identify base sequences?

Computer programmes are used to identify base sequences by looking for sequences similar to known genes

What are computer programmes used for in genomic sequencing?

Computer programmes are used to identify base sequences by looking for sequences similar to known genes

What does knowing the genomes of different species allow us to do?

Knowing the genomes of different species allows us to compare them

What is used to compare sequence data in genomes?

Bioinformatics is used to compare sequence data in genomes

What is bioinformatics used for?

Bioinformatics is used to compare sequence data in genomes

What does bioinformatics require?

Bioinformatics requires computer and statistical analyses

What is a characteristic of many genes?

Many genes are highly conserved across different organisms

What have genomes been sequenced for?

Genomes have been sequenced for;

• Disease causing organisms

• Pest species

• Model organisms

What are model organisms important for?

Model organisms are important for research

What has provided evidence for the three domains of life?

Comparing sequences from organisms has provided the evidence for the three domains of life

How many domains of life are there?

There are three domains of life

What are the three domains of life?

The three domains of life are;

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Eukaryota

What is the main sequence of events in evolution?

The main sequence of events in evolution is;

Cells → Last Universal Ancestor → Prokaryotes → Photosynthetic Organisms → Eukaryotes → Multicellularity → Animals → Vertebrates → Land Plants

What is first event in the main sequence of events in evolution?

The first event in the main sequence of events in evolution is cells

What comes after cells in the main sequence of events in evolution?

In the main sequence of events in evolution, after cells comes the Last Universal Ancestor

What comes after the Last Universal Ancestor in the main sequence of events in evolution?

In the main sequence of events in evolution, after the Last Universal Ancestor comes prokaryotes

What comes after prokaryotes in the main sequence of events in evolution?

In the main sequence of events in evolution, after prokaryotes comes photosynthetic organisms

What comes after photosynthetic organisms in the main sequence of events in evolution?

In the main sequence of events in evolution, after photosynthetic organisms comes eukaryotes

What comes after eukaryotes in the main sequence of events in evolution?

In the main sequence of events in evolution, after eukaryotes comes multicellularity

What comes after multicellularity in the main sequence of events in evolution?

In the main sequence of events in evolution, after multicellularity comes animals

What comes after animals in the main sequence of events in evolution?

In the main sequence of events in evolution, after animals comes vertebrates

What comes after vertebrates in the main sequence of events in evolution?

In the main sequence of events in evolution, after vertebrates comes land plants

What comes last in the main sequence of events in evolution?

Land plants come last in the main sequence of events in evolution

What is the evidence for the main sequence of events in evolution?

The evidence for the main sequence of events in evolution comes from phylogenetics and molecular clocks

How can the sequence of events in the main sequence of events in evolution be determined?

The sequence of events in the main sequence of events in evolution can be determined using sequence data and fossil evidence

What is sequence data used for in phylogenetics and molecular clocks?

In phylogenetics and molecular clocks sequence data is used to;

• Study the evolutionary relatedness among groups of organisms

• Estimate the time since lineages diverged

What is a lineage?

A lineage is a sequence of species, each of which is considered to have evolved from its predecessor

What is the relationship between base sequence similarity and relatedness?

The relationship between base similarity and relatedness is that, the more similar the base sequence between two organisms, the more closely related they are

What is phylogenetics?

Phylogenetics is the study of evolutionary history and relationships

What do molecular clocks show regarding divergence?

Regarding divergence, molecular clocks show when a species diverged during evolution

What do molecular clocks assume?

Molecular clocks assume a constant mutation rate

What do molecular clocks show regarding differences?

Regarding differences, molecular clocks show differences in DNA or amino acid sequences between organisms

What do differences in sequence data between species indicate?

Differences in sequence data between species indicate the time of divergence from a common ancestor

What can be done to an individuals genome regarding diseases?

An individuals genome can be analysed to predict the likelihood of developing certain diseases

What is pharmacogenetics?

Pharmacogenetics is the use of genome information in the choice of drugs

What is personalised medicine?

Personalised medicine is using an individuals personal genomic sequence to select the most effective drugs and dosage to treat their disease