lecture 11 eae

Flaring

•is the controlled burning of natural gas and a common practice in oil/gas exploration, production and processing operations.

Clustering

refers flare lines from different units joined into the main flare header

Generation

refers to the production of electricity through the burning of waste gas

Flare system

an arrangement of piping and specialized equipment that collects hydrocarbon releases from relief valves, blowdown valves, pressure control valves and manual vents and disposes of them by combustion at a remote and safe location

Gas flare or flare stack

•is a gas combustion device used in industrial plants such as petroleum refineries, chemical plants, natural gas processing plants, and at oil or gas production sites with oil wells, offshore oil and gas rigs/platforms and landfills.

Flare system

Sometimes it is necessary to get rid of excess gas, and occasionally liquids from a facility. The safest way to do that is with the

Reasons Flaring is done

oFor safety (and during emergencies and maintenance)

oFor managing gas during compression and processing (waste management for associated gas)

oDuring well production testing after drilling is completed

These routes combustible and harmful gases to a safe location

oPlant upsets

Emergency conditions – fire, plant de-pressure, run away reactions, etc

Flare System Function / objectives

•Routes combustible and harmful gases to a safe location:

•Part of completion and testing of natural gas wells

•Routine maintenance at gas processing facilities

•At oil wells that produce small amounts of solution gas

•Emergency situations

•Burns hydro-carbon gas to CO2 and H2O

•Oxidizes H2S to SO2

•Incinerator is almost 100% efficient

•Reduces the effect of some greenhouse gases

•Prevents excessive heat radiation

•Prevents liquid hydrocarbon fire balls

•Disperses oxidized gases to prevent high local concentration

•Efficiency typically 65-99% for flaring

•To comply with regulatory requirements

•To improve energy and carbon efficiency of the process

•To improve the operational stability and reliability of facility

Electronic sensors

Oil and gas industry in Qatar follows very strict regulations for emissions.

•used to measure the amount of dangerous gases emitted and to ensure the plant is meeting regulations.

Improperly operated flares

Flaring can contribute to the worldwide emissions of carbon dioxide.

__________________ may emit methane and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as sulfur dioxide and other sulfur compounds, which are known to aggravate asthma and other respiratory problems.

•Other emissions from __________________ may include: aromatic hydrocarbons and benzapyrene, which are known to be carcinogenic.

•Emissions from flare stacks contribute to global warming (CO2) and acid rain (NOX and SO2)

Ringelmann number

•The apparent density or opacity of smoke is defined as the _____________ where 0 = clear air and 5 = totally opaque

Flare Systems Design for Oil and Gas Installations - Onshore

• Ground Flare

• Ground flare - open

• Elevated Flare

Flare Systems Design for Oil and Gas Installations - Offshore

• Well Test Burner

• Vertical Flare Stack

• Inclined Flare Boom

Routine Flaring

• Pilot Gas

• Vent Gas

• Excess Tailgas

• Co2 Stripper off - gas

• Off-gas from HC process

Non Routine Flaring

• •Emergency pressure relief flows

• •During maintenance

• •Episodic regeneration

• •Start-up / Shutdown operations

Net Zero Emissions

Achieving a balance between the amount of greenhouse gases produced and removed from the atmosphere.

•Key components of net zero emissions:

•Reducing emissions

•Offsetting remaining emissions

•Enhancing carbon removal efforts

Strategies for Achieving Net Zero Emissions

• Transitioning to renewable energy sources

• Energy efficiency measures

• Carbon capture and storage (CCS):

• Afforestation and reforestation

• Sustainable agriculture and land use

• Innovation and technology development

Transitioning to renewable energy sources

•Increasing use of solar, wind, hydro, and other renewable energy sources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

Energy efficiency measures

Implementing energy-efficient technologies and practices to minimize energy consumption and emissions

Carbon capture and storage (CCS)

Capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes and power plants and storing them underground to prevent their release into the atmosphere.

Afforestation and reforestation

•Planting trees and restoring forest ecosystems to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Sustainable agriculture and land use

•Adopting practices that reduce emissions from agriculture and prevent deforestation and land degradation.

Innovation and technology development

Investing in research and development of new technologies for clean energy, carbon capture, and other climate solutions.