purdue slhs 303 exam 1

anatomy

study of the structure and composition of organisms

physiology

a science dealing with the functions of living organisms or their parts and the chemical processes involved

speech

verbal means of communicating

speech is classified by

articulation, voice, fluency

swallowing

acceptance, manipulation, and transportation of food from lips to stomach

epithelial tissue

-superficial layer of mucous membranes and the cells of our skin

-tightly packed cells: protective quality

-role: provide barrier to some material and serve as sensory elements

-ex. skin, cavities, vocal folds

connective tissue

-most complex type of tissue

-role: maintains the form of the body and its organs and provides cohesion and internal support

-types: areolar, cartilage, blood, bone

-ex. voice box

nervous tissue

-highly specialized communicative tissue

-role: transmit information from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles and from sensory receptors/cells to other neural structures

-types: neurons, glia cells

muscular tissue

-specialized contractile tissue

-role: allow muscles to contract/movement

-types: skeletal/striated (voluntary), smooth (involuntary), cardiac

how many bones in the human body? (adult/birth)

270 at birth, 206 adult

axial skeleton

vertebrae, rib cage, skull, facial bones, and hyoid bone

appendicular skeleton

bones of upper/lower limbs including the pelvic and pectoral girdles

bone functions

-support and protect internal organs

-forms attachments of muscles (facilitates movement)

-mineral storage

-fat storage and hematopoiesis

dense/compact bone

-Appears homogeneous

-Usually forms outer surface of bones

spongy/cancellous bone

-appears porous

-usually forms the inner surface of bones

-contains bone marrow

cartilage

-connective tissue

-lines articular surfaces/facets of bones (where bones meet (joint))

-forms entire structures

hyaline cartilage

-most common type of cartilage

-appears smooth and glassy blue

-large amount of collagen

-found in articular surfaces of bones and in larynx, trachea, and bronchi

-ossification with age

elastic cartilage

-flexible

-less collagen and more elastic fibers

-little ossification with age

-found in ear, ear canal, epiglottis, and nose

fibrous cartilage

-tougher tan other cartilages

-made of dense collagenous fibers

-present in areas with frequent stress

-vertebral discs, and the temporomadibular joint

joint

place where two bones connect

fibrous joints

no mobility (ex. skull sutures)

cartilaginous joints

limited mobility (ex. interverbral disc)

synovial joints

high mobility

synovial fluid

fluid secreted by articular capsule which lubricates the joint cavity

articular capsule

fibrous tissue between the bones that form the joint

articular facets

opposed ends of the bones, covered with hyaline cartilage

gliding joint

allows one bone to slide over another; found in wrist and ankles

hinge joint

Joint between bones (as at the elbow or knee) that permits motion in only one plane

condyloid joint

synovial joint that does everything except rotating (temporomandibular joint)

pivot joint

Allows for rotation around the length of a bone, and only allows for rotation (1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae)

saddle joint

allows for all movement except rotation (middle ear and thumb)

ball and socket joint

allows for all type of movement (hip and shoulder)

somatic

-voluntary part of the system

-allows for conscious sensation and perception of environmental events

autonomic

-involuntary part of the system

-responsible for life-sustaining activities and sensations (heart beat, mucus production)

central nervous sytem (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

spinal nerves, cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system (ANS)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

sympathetic, parasympathetic

forebrain/cerebrum

cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon

parts of the brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla

hindbrain

pons, medulla, cerebellum

spinal cord

-extends from medulla to lumbar region of the vertebrae

-transmits signals to and from the brain/body

-home of many relflexes

-home of neural circuits = central pattern generators

nasal

A

zygomatic

B

maxilla

C

mandible

D

palatine bone

Name this bone

mandible bone characteristics

-only moveable bone in craniofacial skeleton

-tempromandibular joint

-landmarks: ramus, angle, mental protuberance

frontal bone

A

parietal bone

B

temporal bone

C

sphenoid bone

D

ethmoid bone

E

parietal bone

A

frontal bone

B

sphenoid bone

C

temporal bone

D

occipital bone

E

styloid process

F

mastoid process

G

what bone is butterfly shaped?

sphenoid bone

neural tissue functions/roles

-primary unit of nervous system

-electrically excitable: transmit information (neuron to neuron, neuron to muscle)

-electrical signal = action potential

cell body (soma)

contains nucleus and organelles

axon

projection carrying messages away from cell body

dendrites

projections carrying messages to the cell body

terminal boutons

end of axon

soma functions

contain cells hereditary information (nucleus), production of proteins (organelles)

dendrite functions

receive signals from other neurons, points of contact/reception of signals on dendrites = dendritic spines

axon function

-send signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands

-contain neurotransmitters

axon hillock

junction between axon and soma

myelin

white, fatty wrapping; insulate the axon and increase the speed of conduction of nerve impulses along the axon

nodes of raniver

spaces between myelin

synapse

connection point between neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or a neuron and a gland

neural tissue in the CNS

gray matter and white matter

neural tissue in the PNS

ganglia and nerves

gray matter

parts of the CNS containing cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, synapses, and glial cells

white matter

parts of the CNS containing myelinated axons and glial cells that produce myelin

ganglia

groups of cell bodies of neurons collected together

nerves

bundles of axons and glia cells

cerebrum

largest part of the brain

cerebrum includes

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, and diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

gyrus

surface of folds (ridges) on cortex

sulcus

depression on surface of brain

which side of the brain are speech and language functions?

left side

which side of the brain is important for spatial skills and nonverbal reasoning?

right side

longitudinal cerebral fissure

divides the left and right half of the brain

transverse fissure

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

central sulcus

divides frontal and parietal lobe

lateral sulcus

divides the temporal lobe from the parietal and part of the frontal lobe

insular cortex (where and role)

-deep within the lateral sulcus

-role in maintaining homeostasis and ANS functions

-role in speech motor control, speech perception, swallowing and taste

primary motor areas

send motor (efferent) signals to the body to act, after they receive information from secondary and association motor areas which plan the motor acts

primary sensory areas

review sensory (afferent) signals, process them, and send them to secondary and association sensory areas for further interpretation

primary visual area (function and BA #)

receives visual information from retinas; BA 17

secondary visual area (function and BA #)

relates visual information from primary area to past experiences; BA 18

primary auditory area (function and BA #)

receives auditory information and is tonotopic (frequency, intensity, location); BA 41

secondary auditory area (function and BA #)

important for sound interpretation; BA 42

primary somatosensory area (function and BA #)

receives sensory information from body and somatotopic organization; BAs 3, 1, 2

secondary somatosensory areas (function and BA #)

interprets information; BAs 5, 7, 40

sensory homunculus

functional map showing somatotopic organization

contralateral intervention

neurons on the left side of brain receive sensory/motor information from the right side of body (limbs), and vice versa

damage to PSA

-can cause loss of sensation in the contralateral body areas corresponding to the area of the primary sensory cortex which is damaged

-ex. damage to left side PSA in area sensing touch for the arm = loss of sensation of touch for the right arm