Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Review

A set of flashcards covering key vocabulary terms and their definitions related to neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, helping students to review and memorize essential concepts.

Neuron

The primary information/communication cell of the nervous system.

Neuroglial cells

Supportive cells that provide support to neurons in the CNS, often referred to as 'nerve glue.'

Astrocytes

Neuroglial cells that fill spaces between neurons and surround blood vessels in the CNS.

Oligodendroglia (Oligodendrocytes)

Neuroglial cells that deposit myelin within the CNS.

Ependymal cells

Cells that line the CSF filled cavities of the CNS.

Microglia

Neuroglial cells that remove debris (phagocytosis) in the CNS.

Schwann cells

Glial cells in the PNS that wrap around and cover axons, forming and maintaining the myelin sheath.

Saltatory conduction

The flow of ions between segments of myelin rather than along the entire length of the axon, increasing velocity.

Action Potential (AP)

A rapid electrical signal that travels down the axon of a neuron.

Neuromuscular Junction

The synapse where communication occurs between a neuron and a voluntary muscle.

Reticular Formation

A network of nuclei that regulates vital reflexes, such as cardiovascular and respiratory functions.

Cerebrum

The largest portion of the brain, consisting of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia.

Frontal lobe

Responsible for goal-oriented behavior and primary voluntary motor functions.

Parietal lobe

Processes somatic sensory input.

Occipital lobe

Primary visual cortex of the brain.

Temporal lobe

Primary auditory cortex and involved in language comprehension.

Cranial Nerves

12 pairs of nerves that connect the brain to various parts of the body, including sensory and motor functions.

Meninges

Protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, consisting of dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A selective permeability barrier that protects the brain from potentially harmful substances in the blood.