Revision

Common sense knowledge

Milo’s mother is basing her claim on her everyday beliefs and anecdotal experience, not on systematic empirical evidence.

Research question

The inquiry “is estrogen related to depression?” Is formulated as a question that the study seeks to answer

No, we cannot have confidence in the new medications effectiveness

Since both groups- those receiving and those on another anti anxiety medication experienced similarly decreases in anxiety, there is no evidence that the new medications offers a benefit over existing treatments. This result could be due to factors like a placebo effect or natural symptoms improvement rather than a specific effect of the new medication. Without a significant difference between the groups, we cannot conclude that the new medication is superior.

Introduction

The authors predicted outcomes or hypotheses are typically presented in the introduction section of an empirical article.

The type of game

Since every participant played the same boars game (“operation”), the type of game was held constant, making it a controlled variable

Whether participants won against a partner

A reasonable operational definition of performance would involve an objective, measurable outcome- in this case winning (or not) serves as an observable measure of board game performance.

These designs rely on fewer participants

One key advantage of within groups designs is that each participant serves as their own control, which generally requires fewer participants to chive adequate statistical power.

Demand characteristics

Because participants self-report how long it took them to fall asleep after walking, they may adjust their responses based on what they think the experimenter expects, rather than providing an objective measure.

Repeated measure design

The figure shows multiple blood pressure measurements taken from three same participants under different conditions, which is characteristic of a repeated measures design

Effect size

The np2 (eta squared) score is a standardized measure of how much variance in the dependent variable is accounted for by the independent variable- effect size

Adult vs adolescents and textbook reading read vs did not read

X axis textbook reading conditions with two lvls read and did not read. Lines age group one line for adult one line for adolescents

Confidence interval is strong

Mrs. Aims’s report that she’s 95% sure the true percentage lies between 74.2% and 78.8% indicates a narrow (strong) confidence interval around her point estimate

Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying and goes to bed sooner

Vanessa’s reasoning is confounded by the fact that the nights she listens to music coincide with nights when she finishes studying earlier, suggesting another factor (less studying and earlier bedtime) might be influencing her bed quality

Ordinal

The mood rating on a 1-10 scale is an ordinal measure because the numbers indicate rank order of mood quality, even though researchers sometimes treat such scales as interval data for analysis

All else being equal, there will be greater likelihood of a finding being important in the real world

A larger effect size suggests that the independent variable has a stronger influence on the dependent variable, which increases the likelihood that the finding is practically or clinically meaningful

Students who are psychology majors

Since professor kramer surveyed only the psychology department, his sample can only be generalized to students in that department

Cluster sample

Dr pencil randomly selected five high schools (clusters) from the district and then recruited all students within those schools.

Clarissa’s concern Construct validity

Her doubt about whether “being bullied” can really be measured reflects a worry about construct validity Whether the study accurately operationalizes

Content of the words

The variable that dr lang manipulates is the content of the worlds this is the independent variable

Observational measurement

Watching teachers interact with children with ADHD is an example of

No because participants were not randomly assigned to fraternity/sorority membership

Dr. Bee’s design is not a true experiment because the participants were not randomly assigned to conditions

In true experiments manipulated is to.. variable as measured is to .. variable

The manipulated variable is the independent variable and the measured variable is the dependent or outcome

There was no statistical significance

A null effect indicates that the study did not find statistically significant differences between the compared groups

Reliability

Dr Rodriguez’s concern about whether the measure will yield similar results over time is a question of reliability, specifically test retest reliability

The measure is valid but not reliable

Because a measure must be reliable (consistent) before it can be valid (accurate) it is not possible for a measure to be valid without also being reliable

Effect size tells us more about application than statistical significance

Effect size provides insight into the magnitude or practical importance of that effect

Sampling only those with a consent form

This option aligns with apa guidelines

None of the above

A population is defined as the entire group of interest for a study and is not inherently a sample, simpler than a sample, more scientific, or less expensive to measure than a sample

Self selection sampling

Dr. Space recruits participants from an online support group and invites volunteers, meaning participants choose themselves to be in the study rather than being randomly selected by the researcher

Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity

Random assignment ensures that differences between experimental groups are not due to preexisting differences (internal validity), while random sampling helps ensure that the findings generalize to the larger population (external validity)

Dr. Finn’s study in which he measured job commitment in a group of workers in Japan as well as a group of workers in Mexico

A within subjects design involves measuring the same participants under different conditions. Dr Finn’s study compares different groups (workers in Japan vs Mexico), making it a between subjects design rather than a within subjects design

2

In a 2×4 factorial design there are two independent variables 2 levels and one with 4 levels

They allow researchers to understand the nuances of how variables work together

Factorial designs let researchers examine main effects as well as interaction effects between variables, providing deeper insights into how variables jointly influence outcomes.

Whether the participant drank coffee in the 24 hours prior to the study

This operationalization categorizes participants based on a yes/no response which is a nominal measurement

Rigorous

The brush acronym stands for Brief, Relevant, Unambiguous, Specific, and Objective.

It is not one question

The question is problematic because it is a double barreled