HS-201 Final Exam

Pollination is:

When pollen lands on the stigma, gets stuck there, and the plant accepts it

Emasculation is the removal of which plant part?

Anthers

Plants that will accept their own pollen are called:

Self-compatible

Irish potatoes are 1) Botanically classified as what? 2) They are this because they have what parts?

1) Modified stems

2) Nodes

Trichomes are what?

Hairs (or hair-like structures)

Fertilization is:

When the genetic information from the pollen is transferred into the ovule by the pollen tube and unites with the genetic information in the ovule

True or False: Plants grow in length the SAME way the hair on your head does

False

The tallest tree in the world is how tall?

375-400 feet

Conifer with the largest (by volume weight) cones in the world. The “widow maker”?

Pinus coulteri

True or False: Humans, bees, and hummingbirds ALL see color (wavelengths) the same way.

False

Which specific group of animals have bacteria in their gut (digestive system) that allow them to break down cellulose?

Ruminants

The dead, nonfunctioning (transporting water) inside part of a tree (wood) is the:

Heartwood

The plant, which bloomed here at NCSU a few years ago, was 6’ tall, maroon flesh-colored, smelled or rancid rotten flesh, and generated heat… all as means of attracting pollinators:

Amorphophallus titanum

Root hairs serve what major purpose?

Increase the absorption capacity of water and nutrients

Zones of actively dividing cells responsible for plant growth in length and girth are:

Meristems

The internal part/structure of leaves that is comprised of loosely packed cells (with lots of air spaces) found on the bottom/underside of the leaf next to the lower epidermal layer

Spongy mesophyll

A fruit is a mature:

Ovary

A perfect flower has both stamens and pistils. Which of the following imperfect flowers is missing the male flower parts?

Pistillate

The function of cellulose in a plant is to:

Provide strength and rigidity to plants

The roll of the epidermis in a plant is:

Controls water and gas loss from the plant leaves.

Modified stems that look like leaves are found on several plants including Christmas cactus. What are these modified stems called?

Cladophylls

When trying to break seed dormancy so that you can germinate them, on seeds that are Double Dormant. What do you do first?

Scarify

Specialized epidermal cells that open and close the stomata are called:

Guard cells

When you eat corn-on-the-cob and you get silks stuck in your teeth, what are those silks?

Pistils

Xylem transports

Water and nutrients up the plant

Plant with whorled leaf arrangement that is DEADLY and often found in coastal areas?

Nerium Oleander

Seed dormancy is:

When the seed does not germinate even when environmental conditions are favorable for germination because of a physical or physiological condition in the seed

Which of the following plants has stolons?

• Bamboo

• Tomatoes

• Sweet potato

• Spider plant

• Irish potato

Spider plant

To determine whether a plant has simple or compound leaves, you must first find":

The bud

When you are eating a seed, you are eating a ripened:

ovule

Stems have many functions. Which is NOT one we discussed?

• Storage of sugars and other materials

• Bearing flowers and fruit

• Transportation of water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant

• Absorption of water vapor from the air and all the carbon dioxide needed by the plant

• Support of the upper portions of the plant

Absorption of water vapor from the air and all the carbon dioxide needed by the plant

The oldest trees in the world (5000+ years) are:

Bristlecone pines

Stipules on plants are associated with which plant part:

leaf

Flowers can offer all of the following rewards to attract pollinators, except:

• Pollen

• Security

• Insect mating area/site/opportunity

• Fragrance

• Nectar

Security

True or False: An incomplete flower can be perfect

True

True or False: Primary (apical) meristems are found in BOTH shoot and root tips

True

Plants with fibrous root systems have/do all of the following things except:

• Control erosion

• Occupy a large volume of soil and are shallow

• Rely heavily on rain/irrigation for water

• Have multiple tap roots

• Captures minerals and pollutants before they leach in/through the soil

Have multiple tap roots

All of the following terms are associated with fleshy fruit types except:

• Pome

• Berry

• Aggregate fruit

• Dehiscent/indehiscent

• Hesperidium

Dehiscent/indehiscent

Fruit formed by several flowers that fuse during ripening

Multiple fruit

The “natural grafting” that occurs over time on plants that grow/rub close together is called:

Inosculation

The coconut shown in class (sounds like a helicopter when you shake it) is an example of a:

drupe

Dendrochronology is a procedure/method that determines:

Age of a tree

Oranges, limes, and grapefruits would be which kind of fruit?

Hesperidium

True or False: The lateral meristem is responsible for secondary plant growth in the vascular cambium.

True

The broad expanded part of a leaf is called the

Blade

Which of the following is NOT one of the four classic flower parts:

• Sepals

• Bracts

• Petals

• Stamen

• Pistils

Bracts

The vascular cambium separates the:

Phloem from the Xylem

Which of the following are NOT parts/terms of a fruit?

• Pericarp

• Exocarp

• mesocarp

• cambium

• endocarp

Cambium

Phloem transports

Sugars from the leaves down to the stems, roots, and to the fruits

What is the title of “The Cat in the Hat” book we read in class?

Oh Say Can You Seed?

When thinking about size and shape of soil particles and how they affect the texture of a soil, which of the following statements is true?

• Soil particles are all shaped the same but some are larger than others

• Sand is small and square, clay is small and round

• Sand is large and round, clay is small and plate-like, and silt is in between in size and round

• Silt is the only soil particle that affects soil texture because it is large, round, and made of humus

• Sand is large and round and so is clay.

Sand is large and round, clay is small and plate-like, and silt is in between in size and round

Pollution of soils (making them lose their productivity and ability to support life) can occur in several ways. Which of the following is a major problem what we specifically discussed?

• Leakage from underground fuel storage tanks (homeowners and commercial gas stations)

• Mercury leaks from the Space Shuttle program

• Hog farms (swine waste)

• Improper dumping/disposal of used grease (cooking oil) from fast food restaurants

• Voodoo magic curse made by Skeletor

Leakage from underground fuel storage tanks (homeowners and commercial gas stations)

In the Foodscaping Lecture, the concept of “Planting the Edges” of your garden/landscape to deter animals from eating your plants was discussed. Plants that are recommended for this include all of the following except:

• Spice Greens

• Basil and Herbs

• Azaleas

• Garlic and onions

• Potatoes

Azaleas

An example of a Long Day Plant would be __________ and an example of a Short Day Plant that we discussed in class would be __________.

Potato, poinsettia

The “Foodscaping Pallete” best includes plants from different categories. Which of the following categories was NOT discussed

• Natives

• Edibles

• Ecological

• Ornamentals

• Invasives

Invasives

True or False: All asexually propagated plants are clones

True

When plants grow toward the light, we talked about the fact that the cells on the shady side of the stem were growing faster (longer) than the cells on the sunny side of the stem, thereby causing the stem to bend towards the light. The reason for this is due to a hormone that causes cell elongation and this hormone works best (is released) away from the light. What is the name of that hormone?

Auxin

Only ____ percent of light that hits a leaf is used in photosynthesis and only ____ percent of water absorbed by plants is used in the photosynthesis reaction

1, 1

What is the term for when plants are grown in partial or full absence of light?

Etiolation

True or False: To improve drainage in containers (that have plants planted in them) it is recommended to add rocks/pebbles, packing peanuts, or other larger particle material to the bottom of the containers before filling them with potting soil. This technique improves drainage of the container and makes plants grow.

False

Which of the following is not a major component in soilless potting soils:

• Mineral/field soil

• pine bark

• coconut coir

• perlite

• peat moss

Mineral/field soil

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is:

the ability of a soil to hold onto positively charged ions (nutrients), preventing them from washing down lower into a soil profile with irrigation water or rain.

Which soil has the fastest water infiltration and why?

Sandy because of the large particles and pores.

Most soils (mineral soils) have, on average, what percent organic matter in them?

5%

Soil is:

Weathered rocks (parent material)

After your bulbs (geophytes) have finished blooming you should leave the foliage intact (do not cut it off or remove it) but instead let it remain and die back over time naturally. Why is this?

The foliage is photosynthesizing (producing sugars) to replenish the energy lost due to flowering and enabling the bulb to grow larger

Soil compaction is:

The loss of pore space in a soil due to you stepping on soil and NOT on the sidewalk

What was the name of the guest speaker who discussed the Foodscape Revolution?

Brie Arthur

Sandy soils:

• Drain freely and quickly (from rain or irrigation)

• Are droughty (plants grown in them can suffer drought easily) because of low/no water retention

• Require irrigation frequently because they cannot hold much water

• Don’t hold nutrients well (no CEC)

• All of the above

All of the above

What is the function of soil in growing a plant?

• Anchorage and support

• source of water

• source of nutrients

• source of air for roots

• all of the above

All of the above

True or False: Pruning plants is considered and art and a science

True

All of the following are types of geophyte except:

• Corms

• Stolons

• Tubers

• Rhizomes

• Bulbs

Stolons

The most important decision/feature of a container that you are going to plant a plant in is:

Drainage holes

The name of the yellow pigment produced in deciduous plant leaves is called

xanthophyll

All of the following practices are suggested for planting geophytes except:

• In the fall of the year

• Plant with the base of the bulb down

• Plant the bulb 8 times its diameter deep

• Plant in soil that has good drainage

• Plant in soil that is slightly acidic

• Plant the bulb 8 times its diameter deep

An ideal soil for proper plant growth should have what percent water?

25

Which of the following is a factor that impacts soil formation?

• Soil microbes

• time

• climate

• parent material

• all of the above

all of the above

What is the name of the Chateau that Brian talked about in the pruning lecture and showed many photos of the expansive grounds filled with various topiary gardens and specialty pruned trees?

Chateau Villandry

Reasons to prune include all of the following except:

• Influence flowering

• Maintain plant health

• open up the plant canopy for more light

• create specialty plants and shapes

• Increase disease exposure to your plants

Increase disease exposure to your plants

Benefits of asexual plant propagation would include all of the following except:

• Produces genetically identical plants every time

• Requires seed

• Process avoids juvenility in plants

• You can get bigger plants faster

• Can create some fun, specialty, interesting plant combinations with grafting

Requires seed

Which plant parts should you NOT prune out of your plants?

Shoots with flower buds

Which soil type has the best water retention?

clayey

Hardening off is a term that described the process of slowly changing the environment of a plant over time to better prepare it to live and thrive in a new environment. What is the official term of this process?

Acclimatization

Pear Fryer from Bishopville SC is known for being an artist and master of what

Topiary

Photoperiod is

The effects of the duration of the light period (day length) and the duration of the dark period (night length) on the growth and transition to flowering of a plant.

Foodscaping is defined as

Integration of edibles into traditional landscapes and containers

Why is soil compaction a problem in landscapes?

• Creates people paths which kill grass and look bad

• Results in poor soil aeration and drainage

• Increases water runoff and soil erosion

• Restricts root growth and access to water and nutrients

• all of the above

all of the above

In the foodscaping lecture, it was discussed that good soil preparation is 99 percent of the magic that makes gardens and landscapes successful. Which of the following is not good soil preparation?

• Soil that is well drained

• Soil that is not compacted

• Soil that is humus rich

• Soil with lots of organic metter

• Soil void/without any microbes

Soil void/without any microbes

True or False: Perlite is a fertilizer in potting soil

False

True or False: Topping trees is a good idea relative to tree health

False

Which of the following is not a benefit to the practice of grafting plants?

• Disease resistance

• Cold hardiness

• Improved genetic diversity among offspring (new plant developed)

• Useful pollination technique for self-incompatible plants/crops

• Allows creation of cool plants (WOW factor)

Improved genetic diversity among offspring (new plant developed)

The plant pigment responsible for red and purple colors in leaves and fruits is called

Anthocyanin

The recipe for great red fall foliage color includes all of the following except:

• Cool nights

• Warm sunny days

• Conversion of chlorophyll to zanthophyll

• The buildup of sugars in the leaves

• Temperatures below 45 degrees at night

Conversion of chlorophyll to zanthophyll

Which of the following is not a way to properly select and buy good flower bulbs?

• Choose bulbs with a sweet taste

• Choose large bulbs

• Choose bulbs that are not moldy

• Choose bulbs that are not bruised

• Select only hard/firm bulbs

Choose bulbs with a sweet taste