A&P 1 Lecture 13

Tendon

Part of a muscle that attaches to bone

Endomysium

Wraps an individual muscle cell

Perimysium

Wraps a fascicle (a bundle of muscle cells)

Epimysium

Wraps an entire muscle

Origin

Point of attachment to the stationary bone

Insertion

Point of attachment to the movable bone

Action

A particular movement of a body part described relative to the joint or the body

Gliding

Movement occurs when relatively flat bones move back and forth and from side to side. No significant change in angle between bones.

Flexion

Results in a decrease in the angle between articulating bones

Lateral flexion

Involves the movement of the trunk sideways to the right of left at the waist.

Movement occurs in the frontal plane and involves the intervertebral joints

Extension

Results in an increase between articulating bones

Hyperextension

Is a continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position. Is often prevented by the arrangement of ligaments and the anatomical alignment of bones.

Abduction

Refers to the movement of a bone away from the midline

Adduction

Refers to the movement of a bone away from the midline

Circumduction

Refers to the circular (or conical) movement of a body part

Consists of of a combination flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.

Ex. ball-and-socket joint

Rotation

A bone revolving around its own longitudinal axis.

Or in other words, a bone revolving medially or laterally from its location.

Elevation

An upward movement

Depression

A downward movement

Protraction

An anterior movement on the transverse plane

Retraction

A movement of a protracted part back to the anatomical position

Inversion

Movement of the soles medially to face each other

Eversion

A movement of the soles laterally to face away from each other

Dorsiflexion

The foot moving upwards toward the superior surface

Plantar flexion

Bending of the foot at the joint in the direction of the plantar surface.

Supination

Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints to which the palm is moved anteriorly or superiorly

Pronation

Movement of the forearm at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints in which the distal end of the radius crosses over the distal end of the ulna and the palm is turned posteriorly of inferiorly

Opposition

Movement of grasping with the thumb and fingers

Reposition

Movement of releasing an object by spreading the fingers and thumb

Agonist (Prime mover)

Major responsibility for causing a movement

Synergist (Fixator)

Reinforces the same movement as the prime mover

Antagonist

The muscle that does the opposite of the agonist

The antagonist must fully relax in order to allow the agonist to fully contract

Antagonist pairs

Opposing pairs; muscles with opposing actions