Blood Lab Review: Formed Elements, Hematology, and Blood Typing

70 flashcards covering identification of formed elements, leukocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin, blood typing, and functions.

What formed elements are identified on a prepared blood smear?

Erythrocytes; leukocytes (monocyte, lymphocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil); and platelets.

List the five leukocyte types.

Monocyte, Lymphocyte, Neutrophil, Basophil, Eosinophil.

What is an erythrocyte?

A red blood cell that carries oxygen via hemoglobin.

What is a platelet?

A thrombocyte involved in blood clotting (hemostasis).

What is Exercise 20.3 about?

Determination of leukocyte counts: procedure, purpose, normal WBC percentages, and interpretation of increases/decreases; includes granulocytes vs agranulocytes.

What does granulocytes mean?

White blood cells with visible granules in their cytoplasm: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

What does agranulocytes mean?

White blood cells without visible cytoplasmic granules: lymphocytes and monocytes.

What is hematocrit?

The percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

How do you determine hematocrit and plasma levels?

Use capillary hematocrit tubes in a centrifuge; hematocrit = RBC percentage; plasma percentage = 100% minus hematocrit.

Normal male hematocrit range?

Approximately 40-54% RBCs.

Normal female hematocrit range?

Approximately 36-46% RBCs.

What equipment is used for hematocrit measurement?

Capillary tubes, a centrifuge, and a hematocrit reader.

Define anemia.

A condition with reduced RBC mass or hemoglobin, leading to decreased oxygen transport.

Define polycythemia.

Increased RBC mass or high hematocrit.

What is Exercise 20.5 about?

Determination of hemoglobin content (Hb concentration).

What is hemoglobin?

The oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells; measured as Hb concentration.

What equipment is used for hemoglobin determination?

Reagents for colorimetric method (e.g., cyanmethemoglobin/Drabkin's reagent) and a spectrophotometer or colorimeter.

How do you read hemoglobin results?

From the absorbance reading, convert to Hb concentration (usually g/dL).

Normal Hb for adult male?

Approximately 13.8–17.2 g/dL.

Normal Hb for adult female?

Approximately 12.1–15.1 g/dL.

What is Exercise 20.7 about?

Determination of blood type (ABO and Rh) including serum constituents, procedure, results interpretation, and donor/recipient compatibility.

What is in serum for blood typing?

Antibodies against ABO antigens (anti-A and anti-B) and anti-D for Rh typing.

How do you read ABO and Rh blood type results?

Observe agglutination patterns with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-D sera; determine ABO type and Rh status accordingly.

Which ABO types can donate to AB?

Any ABO type (AB recipients can receive from A, B, AB, O).

Which ABO types can donate to type O?

Only type O.

Which ABO types can a type A recipient receive from?

A and O.

Which ABO types can a type B recipient receive from?

B and O.

What is agglutination?

Clumping of cells due to antibody-antigen interaction.

What is an antigen?

A molecule that triggers an immune response; on RBCs, A or B antigens.

What is an antibody?

An immunoglobulin that binds specific antigens; anti-A, anti-B, anti-D.

On the model, name the formed elements.

Erythrocytes; leukocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils); platelets.

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

Transport O2 from lungs to tissues and CO2 from tissues to lungs via hemoglobin.

What are the functions of lymphocytes?

Adaptive immune response; B cells produce antibodies; T cells participate in cell-mediated immunity.

What are the functions of monocytes?

Phagocytosis; differentiate into macrophages in tissues.

What are the functions of neutrophils?

Phagocytosis; first responders to bacterial infection.

What are the functions of eosinophils?

Fight parasitic infections; modulate allergic responses.

What are the functions of basophils?

Release histamine and heparin; involved in inflammatory and allergic responses.

What are the functions of platelets?

Form clots; essential for hemostasis.

What are the functions of plasma?

Liquid component; transports nutrients, hormones, wastes; contains clotting factors and proteins.

Normal differential percentage of neutrophils?

Approximately 40–60% of WBCs.

Normal differential percentage of lymphocytes?

Approximately 20–40%.

Normal differential percentage of monocytes?

Approximately 2–8%.

Normal differential percentage of eosinophils?

Approximately 1–4%.

Normal differential percentage of basophils?

Approximately 0.5–1%.

Increased neutrophil count indicates?

Neutrophilia; acute bacterial infection or inflammation.

Decreased neutrophil count indicates?

Neutropenia; increased infection risk.

Increased lymphocyte count indicates?

Lymphocytosis; viral infection or certain leukemias.

Decreased lymphocyte count indicates?

Lymphocytopenia; immune deficiency or stress.

Increased monocyte count indicates?

Monocytosis; chronic infection or inflammation.

Decreased monocyte count indicates?

Monocytopenia; less common.

Increased eosinophil count indicates?

Eosinophilia; allergic reactions or parasitic infections.

Decreased eosinophil count indicates?

Eosinopenia; rare.

Increased basophil count indicates?

Basophilia; allergic or inflammatory reactions.

Decreased basophil count indicates?

Basopenia; rare.

How is hematocrit read?

Read the percentage of RBCs from the hematocrit tube after centrifugation.

What is anemia defined as?

Low RBC mass or hemoglobin; decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.

What is polycythemia defined as?

Increased RBC mass; high hematocrit.

Which cells carry oxygen in blood?

Erythrocytes (red blood cells).

What is the D antigen?

Rh antigen; presence means Rh-positive.

What is agglutination in blood typing a sign of?

Antigen-antibody reaction indicating the presence of the corresponding antigen/antibody.

Which blood type has A antigen and B antigen?

AB.

Which blood type has A antigen only?

A.

Which blood type has B antigen only?

B.

Which blood type has neither A nor B antigen?

O.

Which blood type is universal donor for ABO?

O (type O).

Which blood type is universal recipient for ABO?

AB.

Rh positive means what?

Presence of the D antigen on RBCs.

Rh negative means what?

Absence of the D antigen.

In ABO typing, what does anti-A serum cause if the RBCs have A antigen?

Agglutination.

In ABO typing, what does anti-D serum indicate?

Agglutination indicating Rh (D) antigen presence (Rh positive).