PSY 350: Substance Use Disorders

smoking and poverty

high smoking rates also run with high poverty rates

smoking and education

education decreases with smoking

types of dependance

physiological and psychological

physiological dependance

body becomes dependent on a steady supply of substance to function, risk for people on strong pain meds

psychological dependence

an emotional/ attentional compulsion to keep using a drug, possible not just for substances but for experiences

tolderance

a condition wherein the drugs lead to progressively less of an effect; often leads to intake of larger quantities

synergistic effect

multiplies effects of similar drugs if used together

antagonistic action

taking opposing types of drugs can lead to toxicity of one as it doesn’t get properly metabolized

oxycodone

OxyContin, opioid

hydrocodone

Vicodin, opioid

diazepam

Valium, opioid

alprazoloam

Xanex, benzodiazepine tranq

temazepam

Restoril, benzodiazepine tranq

doxylamine

OTC Unisom, antihistamine used for insomnia

drug withdrawal

aversive symptomps when without drug

psychological effects of drugs

physical factors, previous experiences, environment, mental set (expectations for results)

recognized substances in DSM

alc, caffeine, cannibus, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics/ anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco

substance related disorders (DSM)

substance use disorders, substance induced disorders

substance use disorders

focused patterns of usage and loss of control, specify severity

mild substance use disorder

presence of 2-3 symptoms

moderate substance abuse disorder

presence of 4-5 symptoms

severe substance abuse disorder

presence of 6+ symptoms

substance induced disorders

intoxication, withdrawal, other states induced by usage

substance use disorder symptoms DSM

• Use more or longer than intended

• Can’t cut down/control use

• Lots of time spent getting, using, or recovering

• Craving

• Failure at work/school/home

• Social/interpersonal problems

• Activities reduced or stopped

• Use in hazardous situations

• Continued use despite harm

• Tolerance – need more for same effect

• Withdrawal – symptoms when stopping or using to avoid them

depressants

slow down activity in CNS, increase activity in GABA receptors, can be fatal, causes dependence, often abused in tranqs, barbiturates, benzidiazepenes (Xanex, Valium)

legal depressants

sleeping pills, tranquilizers, alcohol

alcohol

plays a role in ½ of sexual assults, dependence in over 16,000,000 americans

risk factors for alcolism

gender (men twice as likely as women), dependence usually dev in early adulthood, family history, lower SES

alcohol and physical health

linked to liver disease (cirrhosis) and digestive cancers; red wine can raise HDL levels

cognitive disorders form alcoholism

korsakoff’s syndrome, wernicke’s disease

korsakoff’s syndrome

amnesia

wernicke’s disease

delirium and tremors, loss of balance

alcohol consumed while pregnant

fetal alchohol syndrome

stimulants

increases neural activity by being a dopamine agonist, use energy quickly, used legally in cigarettes, ADHD treatment, used illegally in amphetamines and cocaine

cocaine

use in decline but most widely abused, inhibits reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine

amphetamines

stops production and blocks reuptake of dopamine, meth abuse increasing in prevalence, crahses are severe (depression and suicide thoughts)

S/S of amphetamine/ cocaine addiction

similar to symptoms of schizophrenia

opiates

pain drug second only to pot in abuse rates, legal in oxycodone, hydrocodone, morphine, fent, methadone legal for heroin dependence reduction, mimics endorphins, illegal in heroin, severe physical withdrawl

endorphin

short for endogenous morphine

hallucinogenic (psychedelics)

work as serotonin/ glutamate agonists, dependence is largely psychological, long cultural history

lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

controversial claim that it can be beneficial (Timothy Leary), flashbacks found in 20-30%, revived interest in dev of ketamine for therapeutic uses although legal hurdles exist

marijuana

active ingredient tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), sometimes grouped with hallucinogens but not a true hallucinogen, most widely used illegal drug, longterm effects similar to unfiltered cigs, can interfere with short-term mem, dependence is psychological

biological perspective of substance use

primarily rooted in NT levels and patterns of inheritance, genetic inheritance may be tied to dopamine receptivity, focuses on physiological dependence

biological treatments of substance abuse

detox, antagonist drugs, antidepressents reduced withdrawal symtoms, replacement therapy “nic patch” methadone, narcan (naxolone) for OD

antibuse (disulfram)

inhibits metabolism of alc, based on aversive learning

learning perspectives if substance use disorders

operant conditioning, classical conditioning, social learning

operant conditioning for substances

social, personal, and physical rewards; tension reduction and removal of withdrawal syndrome reward drinking via neg reinforcement

classical conditioning for substances

associations between pos feelings and drug

social learning for substances

emulation of parents, peers

learning perspective treatments for substances

behavioral self-control training (diaries), aversion learning (antabuse), social-skills training to avoid association scenarios, cue exposure method (progressive exposure to refuse alc)