psychology Unit 1 Exam

Psychology

The scientific study of human and animal behavior and mental processes.

Basic research

Research intended to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Applied research

Research aimed at solving practical problems or improving real-world situations.

Structuralism

The theory that the structure of conscious experience can be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations.

Gestalt psychology

Emphasizes our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Functionalism

The theory that explores the way consciousness helps people adapt to their environment.

Psychoanalysis

A theory of personality and therapeutic technique that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts.

Behaviorism

We learn certain responses through rewards, punishments, or Observations

Humanistic psychology

When someone reaches their own basic needs they would be abel to help someone else

Cognitive perspective

Focuses on thought processes. How humans take in, process, store, or retrieve information

Biological perspective

A particular underlying behavior, thought, or emotion can decide how we act. Dopamine or no dopamine

Social culture perspective

You are more inclined to act a certain way based on who is around you or relationships with people

Behavior genetics

Focuses on how our genes and environment influence individual differences.

Evolutionary psychology

Focuses on behaviors that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce, combining biological, psychological, and social theories of human behavior.

Positive psychology

Focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive.

Wilhelm Wundt

Considered the founder of modern psychology, he established a lab and used experimental methods to study consciousness.

Edward B Titchener

Introduced structuralism, the theory that analyzes the basic elements of thoughts and sensations to understand the structure of conscious experience.

William James

Introduced functionalism, which explores how consciousness helps people adapt to their environment.

Sigmund Freud

Introduced psychoanalysis, a theory of personality and therapeutic technique that focuses on unconscious motives and conflicts.

Ivan Pavlov

Fostered interest in studying observable behavior by reporting how animals learn in certain situations.

John B Watson

Introduced behaviorism, the theory that psychology should only study observable behaviors, not mental processes.

B.F Skinner

Expanded behaviorism and emphasized the role of rewards and punishments in learning.

Abraham Maslow

A humanistic psychologist who emphasized conscious experience and the striving for personal growth.

Carl Rogers

Associated with client-centered therapy, a humanistic approach that emphasizes the individual's capacity for personal growth.

Jean Piaget

Known for pioneering research in developmental psychology, focusing on how children develop their thinking abilities.

Kenneth Clark & Mamie Phipps Clark

Educational psychologists whose research on internalized racism was used in the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education.

Stanley Hall

The first American to receive a PhD in psychology, he opened the first psychology laboratory in the United States and was the first president of the American Psychological Association.

Mary Whiton Calkins

The first woman to qualify for a PhD in psychology and was elected president of the APA in 1905.

Margaret Floy Washburn

The first woman to receive a PhD in psychology.

Francis Cecil Sumner

The first African-American to receive a PhD in psychology.

Inez Beverly Prosser

The first African-American woman to earn an EDD in psychology.

Psychodynamic

Conflict from the past or childhood affects how you behave in the present until the past conflict is resolved.

Observational research

The process of watching people or animals and systematically recording what they are doing

Observer bias

A bias that occurs when observers' expectations influence their interpretation of the subjects' behaviors or the outcome of the study

Survey

A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act

Observational research

Research in which a researcher watches people or animals and systematically records what they are doing

Correlation research

a type of research design that looks at the relationships between two or more variables non experimental

Case Study

a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon

Naturalistic Observation

Used to study behavior in natural settings without any interference

Hypothesis

a precise, testable statement of what the researchers predict will be the outcome of the study

Participant Observation

Researcher is immersed in the setting and interacting in the day to day activities

Survey

asking participants a series of questions to learn more about a phenomenon, such as how they think, feel, or behave

Experimental research

the act of applying experimental research methods to the study of human behavior.