A-Level AQA Sociology - Crime and Deviance - Gender and Crime (Key Studies)
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Gender and Crime - Why do women commit less than men? - Sex Role Theory
**Parsons: Sex Role Theory**
Parsons argues that because females carry out the ‘expressive role’ (caring for a child and looking after the emotional needs of their husband)
* Girls grow up to internalise these characteristics, which reduces the chances of them committing crime as someone who has these attitudes wouldn’t hurt another human being.
Parsons argues that because females carry out the ‘expressive role’ (caring for a child and looking after the emotional needs of their husband)
* Girls grow up to internalise these characteristics, which reduces the chances of them committing crime as someone who has these attitudes wouldn’t hurt another human being.
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Gender and Crime - Why do women commit less than men? - Rough and Tough
**Sutherland:**
Sutherland reinforces this by stating ‘boys are taught to be ‘rough and tough’’, which encourages delinquency - further leads to crime.
Sutherland reinforces this by stating ‘boys are taught to be ‘rough and tough’’, which encourages delinquency - further leads to crime.
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Gender and Crime - Why do women commit less than men? - Class and Gender Deals
**Carlen:**
* Argues that working-class women generally conform to society’s values and goals through the promise of two types of deals and rewards.
* ==Class Deal== - W/C women are ==encouraged through careers that if they get into standard work==, they will gain material rewards that help with standards of living and leisure opportunities.
* ==Gender Deal== - Patriarchal ideology promises women ==material possessions and emotional rewards through family life==. Encourages conforming to traditional family in order to receive rewards.
* Argues that working-class women generally conform to society’s values and goals through the promise of two types of deals and rewards.
* ==Class Deal== - W/C women are ==encouraged through careers that if they get into standard work==, they will gain material rewards that help with standards of living and leisure opportunities.
* ==Gender Deal== - Patriarchal ideology promises women ==material possessions and emotional rewards through family life==. Encourages conforming to traditional family in order to receive rewards.
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Gender and Crime - Chivalry Thesis
**Pollak:**
* Pollak argues men have a ==protective attitude== towards women and thus are ==more lenient==, so their crimes are less likely to end up in official statistics. For instance, women are more likely to be ‘let off’ for crimes such as speeding.
__Evaluation (AO3):__
* **Walklate (2004)** - Criticises the chivalry thesis and the functionalist sex role theory for ==making stereotypical assumptions about women==, especially that all women have a maternal instinct.
* Pollak argues men have a ==protective attitude== towards women and thus are ==more lenient==, so their crimes are less likely to end up in official statistics. For instance, women are more likely to be ‘let off’ for crimes such as speeding.
__Evaluation (AO3):__
* **Walklate (2004)** - Criticises the chivalry thesis and the functionalist sex role theory for ==making stereotypical assumptions about women==, especially that all women have a maternal instinct.
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Gender and Crime - Growing Female Criminality - 'Ladette' Culture
**Denscombe (2001): Ladette Culture**
* Argues that women are ==becoming more masculine and adopting== many of the behaviours and sexual attitudes of young men.
* This has led to a ==‘ladette’== culture where women were having aggressively masculine behaviours in response to traditional gender stereotyping and social control.
* This ‘ladette’ culture includes ==binge drinking, gang cultures and risk taking== (for example smoking). This increase in behaviour is likely to lead to arrest; drunken behaviour and the violence associated with this.
* The ==police are prosecuting girls by taking their actions more seriously== rather than dealing with it informally by other means.
* Argues that women are ==becoming more masculine and adopting== many of the behaviours and sexual attitudes of young men.
* This has led to a ==‘ladette’== culture where women were having aggressively masculine behaviours in response to traditional gender stereotyping and social control.
* This ‘ladette’ culture includes ==binge drinking, gang cultures and risk taking== (for example smoking). This increase in behaviour is likely to lead to arrest; drunken behaviour and the violence associated with this.
* The ==police are prosecuting girls by taking their actions more seriously== rather than dealing with it informally by other means.
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Gender and Crime - Why do men commit more crime than women? - Hegemonic Masculinity
**Connell:**
Explained that ==hegemonic masculinity== was the idea that masculinity held a ==hierarchy between different types of masculinity== - and that there is a mutual agreement with others that certain types of masculinity overpower women and most men.
* Socialisation into hegemonic masculinity leads to males reacting to perceived challenges to their position.
* Challenges to masculinity at home - domestic violence.
Applications of hegemonic masculinity:
* Young males seeing physicality rather than intellect as pathways to goals.
* Laddish and anti-school subcultures.
* Youth masculine cultures represented as risk-taking and physical prowess - e.g gang cultures
Explained that ==hegemonic masculinity== was the idea that masculinity held a ==hierarchy between different types of masculinity== - and that there is a mutual agreement with others that certain types of masculinity overpower women and most men.
* Socialisation into hegemonic masculinity leads to males reacting to perceived challenges to their position.
* Challenges to masculinity at home - domestic violence.
Applications of hegemonic masculinity:
* Young males seeing physicality rather than intellect as pathways to goals.
* Laddish and anti-school subcultures.
* Youth masculine cultures represented as risk-taking and physical prowess - e.g gang cultures
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Gender and Crime - Why do men commit more crime than women? - Edgework
**Lyng (1990): Edgework**
* Argues that crime is a means whereby people could get a thrill by engaging in ==risk-taking behaviour==.
* This means going to the ==edge of acceptable behaviour== and challenging the rules of what is acceptable.
**Postmodernity encourages and rewards this:**
* Individuals see risk taking as a challenge and crime happens directly as a result of the rules being there in the first place.
* Most young people do not set out assessing the chances they will be arrested.
* This is why an increase in control of culture in society does nothing to deter but actually increases law breaking as they are faced with more ==‘thrilling’ challenges.==
* Argues that crime is a means whereby people could get a thrill by engaging in ==risk-taking behaviour==.
* This means going to the ==edge of acceptable behaviour== and challenging the rules of what is acceptable.
**Postmodernity encourages and rewards this:**
* Individuals see risk taking as a challenge and crime happens directly as a result of the rules being there in the first place.
* Most young people do not set out assessing the chances they will be arrested.
* This is why an increase in control of culture in society does nothing to deter but actually increases law breaking as they are faced with more ==‘thrilling’ challenges.==
Note 
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