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Irregularities in Aufbau principle
Putting 5 or 10 electrons in the d orbitals can give additional stabilisation (e.g Cr(Z=24) outermost configuration is 4s1 3d5 instead of 4s2 3d4, and Cu(Z=29) outermost configuration is 4s1 3d10 instead of 4s2 3d9)
Valence electrons
outermost electrons of an atom
Core electrons
all non-valence electrons