Identity and Personality

self concept

sum of ways in which we describe ourselves, in present, who we used to be, and future

parts of self concept

past, future, and self schema

identities

individual components of self-concept related to groups we belong

self esteem

evaluation of ourselves, ought self

self efficacy

degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of something

locus of control

way we characterize influences

Freud: Psychosexual Development

based on tension caused by libido, failure leading to fixation

Oral stage

0-1, gratification from objects in mouth, adult fixation is dependency

Anal stage

1-3, gratification from elimination or retention of waste, adult fixation is orderliness or sloppiness

Phallic stage

3-5, males want mom and identify with dads, penis envy, adult latency causes libido to be sublimated

Genital stage

puberty-adult, enter healthy heterosexual relationships

Erikson: Psychosocial Development

stems from conflicts that are the result of decisions we make about ourselves

trust vs. mistrust, 0-1

Erikson Stage 1

autonomy vs. shame and doubt, 1-3

Erikson Stage 2

initiative vs guilt, 3-6

Erikson Stage 3

industry vs inferiority, 6-12

Erikson Stage 4

identity vs role and confusion, 12-20

Erikson Stage 5

intimacy vs isolation, 20-40

Erikson Stage 6

generativity vs stagnation, 40-65

Erikson Stage 7

integrity vs despair, 65+

Erikson Stage 8

Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning

approaches of individuals to solving moral dilemmas

preconventional morality

obedience and self-interest

conventional morality

conformity and law and order

postconventional morality

social contract and universal human ethics

Vygotsky: Cultural and Biosocial Development

internalized cultures and zone of proximal development

zone of proximal development

area of learning where one cannot progress on own, can with assistance of knowledgeable other

Psychoanalytic Personality

personality results from unconscious urges and desires

Freud Psychoanalytic

id, ego, superego

Id

basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce, impulses

Ego

conscious part of personality, organizer of mind

Superego

perfectionist, judging actions, and respond with pride

Jung Psychoanalytic

collective unconscious, archetypes

archetypes

persona, anima, animus, and shadow

persona

aspect of personality shown to world

anima

man’s inner woman

animus

woman’s inner man

shadow

unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts and feelings

Humanistic Personality

emphasizes internal feelings of healthy individuals as they strive towards self-actualization

Maslow Humanistic

hierarchy of needs

Rogers Humanistic

unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

therapist accepts client completely and expresses empathy

Type and trait theory

personality described as number of identifiable traits that carry characteristic behaviors

Sheldon type and trait

somatotypes: Type A and Type B

Myers-Briggs type and trait

dichotomies of personality

Eysencks type and trait

PEN model, psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism

Big Five type and trait

OCEAN, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Allport type and trait

cardinal, central, and secondary traits

Social Cognitive Personality

how we interact with environment to form personality

Biological Personality

genetic expression

identity formations

Freud psychosexual, Erikson’s psychosocial, Kohlberg moral reasoning, and Vygotsky cultural and biosocial development

psychoanalytic personality formations

Freud psychoanalytic, Jung psychoanalytic, Myers-Briggs dichotomies, Adler complex

humanistic personality formations

Gestalt, Maslow, Rogers, somatotypes, OCEAN, and Allport

behaviorist personality formations

Skinner

fictional finalism

internal idealistic ideas of the future

reaction formation

converting unwanted feelings into the opposite

Adler personality formation

inferiority complex, creative self, and functional finalism

Skinner behaviorist

personality is based on reinforced behaviors

Bandura social cognitive

thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment interact to determine action

theory of mind

ability to understand thinking patterns of others

fidelity

see self as integrated into society