BMS 212 Chaps 4 and 5: Prokaryote and Eukaryote Structure

Coccus

sphere

Streptococci

chain of spheres

staphylococci

grape like bunches

bacillus

rod

streptobacilli

chain of rods

glycocalyx (what is it, what is it’s function, and types)

outer coating of bacteria, attachment and protection, and slime and capsule

slime layer

loosely around cell

capsule layer

tightly around cell

flagella (what is it and what does it do)

molecular motor that powers movement

filament (what is it and what is it made out of)

propeller and flagellin

hook (what does it do)

connects filament and basal body

monotrichous

one flagellum at the end

lophotrichous

bunches of flagella at one end

amphitrichous

flagella at both ends

peritrichous

flagella all over cell

Movement of bacteria with flagella

Counterclockwise: runs, clockwise: tumbles

Chemotaxis

movement in response to chemicals

Phototaxis

Movement in response to light

Spirochetes

Axial filaments, move in a corkscrew motion

pili (what is it and what does it do)

long, hollow structure used to attach to other bacteria

conjugation pilus

used for dna exchange

fimbriae (what is it, what is it made out of, and function)

short rods, made out of protein, used for attachment

Cell wall

cellular integrity protection and holds shape

Gram positive cell wall

Thick peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane

Gram negative cell wall

Outer membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane

Mycobacterium

Gram positive cell structure but up to 60% mycolic acid

Mycolic acid (what is it made of, function, and identification)

Waxy lipid provides resistance to many chemicals and dyes, identified using an acid-fast stain

Mycolic acid example

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae

Mycoplasma

No cell wall, membrane reinforced by sterols

cytoplasm

70-80% water and dissolved salts

DNA

Single, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule in the nucleoid

Nucleoid

Region of the cell where the chromosome is found (false nucleus)

Ribosomes

Sites of protein synthesis

Prokaryotic ribosomes

70S split into 50S and 30S

Eukaryotic ribosomes

80S split into 60S and 40S

Inclusions

Nutrient storage

Endospores

Formed when nutrients run out, resistant to heat and chemicals, contain DNA, RNA, and ribosomes

What are the different bacterial cell shapes and arrangements?

Coccus is spheres and Bacillus is rods

What are the functions of the external structures?

Protection, adhesion, movement, DNA exchange, attachment

What are the different passive and active transport processes?

Active requires energy, whereas passive does not

What are the differences between the Gram Positive and Gram Negative cell walls?

Gram-negative cell walls has an outer membrane and a thin peptidoglycan whereas gram positive cell walls have no outer membrane, a thicker peptidoglycan layer, and teichoic acids acting as anchors

What are endospores and what is their function? How are they formed?

A backup survival structure used when there is a lack of something it needs in its environment and they are formed through sporulation

What is the endosymbiont theory?

Chloroplasts and mitochondria appear to have originated as free-living bacteria

add more of the other stuff

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