Part 2 Cross-Cultural Models and Concepts

A set of flashcards covering major cross-cultural communication and leadership models including Hall, Hofstede, Trompenaars, Meyer, and the GLOBE study.

Edward T. Hall's Cultural Model focus

Focuses on how cultures communicate and use space/time rather than just what they value.

Low-context cultures

Cultures where communication is specific, detailed, and precise, but individuals are poorer at decoding unspoken messages and body language.

Low-context culture examples

German, Swiss German, and Scandinavian; followed by American and English styles.

High-context cultures

Cultures where communication is less directed with an emphasis on human relations and high sensitivity to non-verbal cues and feelings.

High-context culture examples

Japanese and Chinese; followed by Mexican and Arab styles.

Geert Hofstede's 6 cultural dimensions

Power distance, Individualism, Motivation towards achievement and success, Uncertainty avoidance, Long-term orientation, and Indulgence.

Hofstede's cultural model function

Directly compares 2 or more countries' cultural values based on a score from $0$ to $100$ across 6 specific dimensions.

Fons Trompenaars National cultural differences model

Shows how people from different cultures resolve dilemmas.

Trompenaars' 7 dimensions

Universalism (vs particularism), Individualism (vs collectivism), Neutral (vs emotional), Specific (vs diffuse), Achievement (vs ascription), Sequential (vs Synchronic), and Internal control (vs external).

Erin Meyer's 8 behavioral dimensions

Communicating, Evaluating, Leading, Deciding, Trusting, Disagreeing, Scheduling, and Persuading.

GLOBE study

A global leadership and organisational behaviour effectiveness research program founded by Robert J. House in $1991$.

GLOBE study focus

Investigates how societal cultures and organisational practices influence leadership effectiveness worldwide.

GLOBE's 9 dimensions

Assertiveness, Gender egalitarianism, Power distance, In-group collectivism, Institutional Collectivism, Performance orientation, Future orientations, Humane orientation, and Uncertainty avoidance.

GLOBE's 6 leadership behaviour profiles

Charismatic/value-based, Team oriented, Participative, Human oriented, Autonomous, and Self-protective.

Universally endorsed leadership behaviours

Charismatic/value-based and Team-oriented behaviours.

Disadvantages of Hofstede's model

Data is old, treats a nation as completely uniform, and ignores regional variation.

Advantages of Hofstede's model

Has empirical power, is validated across over $70$ countries, and is the easiest tool for quick, score-based comparisons.

Disadvantages of Trompenaars' model

Less empirical rigor or scientific accuracy and a much smaller, less transparent data set than Hofstede.

Advantages of Trompenaars' model

Focuses on how people actively resolve cultural dilemmas and reconciles tensions in business negotiations rather than just providing fixed scores.

Disadvantages of Erin Meyer's culture map

Relies on a newer model with less longitudinal data, lacks a fully transparent methodology, and focuses heavily on corporate business elites.

Advantages of Erin Meyer's culture map

Highly practical, actionable, and designed specifically for modern workplace behaviours like building trust and leadership.