increases across a period and decreases down a group
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ionization energy exceptions
groups 2 & 13 switch and groups 15 & 16 switch
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What does l represent?
the shape of the orbit
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What does n represent?
energy level
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What does ml represent?
the orientation of the orbit
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What does ms represent?
spin number
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s sub-shell
l=0
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p sub-shell
l=1
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d sub-shell
l=2
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f sub-shell
l=3
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possible n values
any positive integer greater than 0
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possible l values
0 to (n-1)
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possible ml values
-l to l
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possible ms values
1/2 or -1/2
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What type of an orbital experiences penetration?
s orbitals, because they have no nodes at the nucleus
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Aufbau Principle
electrons fill in lower energy levels first
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Hund's Rule
electrons fill orbitals singly with parallel orbitals before pairing
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electron configuration exceptions
chromium, copper, molybdenum, silver, gold
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Zeff Trend
increases across a period, and decreases down a group due to shielding
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electron affinity trend
increases across a period and decreases down a group
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electron affinity trend exceptions
1 & 2 switch, 14 & 15 switch
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atomic radius trend
decreases across a group and increases down a group
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polarizability
decreases across a group and increases down a group
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electronegativity trend
increases across a period, decreases down a group
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lattice energy
increases with increasing ionic charge and decreasing ionic size
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octet rule exceptions
boron (sometimes aluminum and beryllium), expanded valence shells, free radicals
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expanded valence shells
atoms in or above row 3 can expand their valence shell to have more than 8 electrons
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free radical
highly reactive species with one unpaired electron
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wavelength and frequency are __________ proportional
inversely
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electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing wavelength
gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, radio waves
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electromagnetic spectrum in order of increasing frequency
radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet, x rays, gamma rays
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real gases behave most like ideal gases at
low pressure and high temperature
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In the van der Waals equation, a
corrects for intermolecular interactions
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In the van der Waals equation, b
corrects volume to account for non-negligible molecules
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light's particle properties
quantized into photons
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light's wave properties
diffraction, refraction
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Bohr Postulates
1) Atoms revolve around the nucleus on fixed circular orbitals 2) Electrons can jump from one orbital to another, and emit or absorb energy when they do
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Pauli's Exclusion Principle
no two electrons can have identical values for all four quantum numbers
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paramagnetic
has unpaired electrons
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diamagnetic
has no unpaired electrons
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energy is emitted when
an electron moves from a higher energy level to a lower energy level
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energy is absorbed when
an electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level
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electron affinity
the amount of energy released when an electron is added