Logic Flashcards

Stoicism

A philosophy advocating the repression of emotion and indifference to pleasure or pain.

Belief

A positive mental attitude toward a proposition; something a person accepts as true.

False

Contrary to the mind of God.

Implications

That which is suggested by evidence or reasoning. That which follows logically from something else.

Logic/Logical

In accordance with the laws of logic: reasonable.

Rational

In accordance with laws of logic: logical.

True

Conforming to the mind of God.

Faith

Having confidence in something not perceived with the senses.

Divine Revelation

The disclosure of information from God to man.

Knowledge

True, justified belief

Laws of Logic

Universal, invariant, abstract rules of correct reasoning.

Objective

Independent of the person, the same for all people

Proposition

A truth claim, either true or false

Sovereign

Having supreme power or authority and not required to answer to any higher authority.

Special Revelation

The disclosure of information from God to man contained in the Bible.

Emulate

To comply or imitate; to match the characteristics of another.

Qualitatively

Pertaining to the quality, kind, or nature of a thing, regardless of the amount or degree.

Quantitatively

Pertaining to the amount, degree, or number of something.

Sin

Disobedience to God

Speculation

Conjecture, guess, or hypothesis, without sufficient supporting evidence.

Argument

A series of propositions where the truth of one is said to follow from the others.

Premise

A proposition in an argument that is taken as an accepted fact.

Conclusion

The proposition in an argument that the person is attempting to prove.

Inferences

Opinions formed from evidence; what people reason to be true or likely true from evidence or reason.

Persuasive

The tendency to induce belief or behavior in a person.

Deductive Argument

An argument in which the conclusion is certainly true if the premises are.

Inductive Argument

An argument in which the conclusion is likely to be true if the premises are.

Fallacy

A common error in reasoning.

Absolute

Independent of arbitrary standards; being without exception or qualification.

Abstract

Existing in thought as an idea but having no physical or material existence.

Conceptual

Abstract; existing within the mind such as a thought or idea.

Invariant

Not changing over time.

Law of Identity

“A thing is itself” or “If A then A.”

Law of Non-Contradiction

The compound proposition “A and not-A” is always false. Or, “You cannot have A and not-A at the same time and in the same sense.”

Law of the Excluded Middle

The compound proposition “A or not-A is always true. Or, “Either A is true, or not-A is true.”

Negation

The opposite proposition formed by adding “it is not that case that” to the original proposition.

Omni Present

Able to exist or exert power at all locations in space at the same time.

Universal

Applicable everywhere.

Extrapolate

To project or expand beyond known data or experiences based on patterns exhibited in known data or experiences; to infer unknown values or properties based on known values or properties.

Justify

To provide reasons for a proposition.

Monotheistic

Pertaining to the belief or conviction that there is one and only one God.

Polytheistic

Pertaining to the belief that there are multiple gods.

Repealed

Removed, rescinded, or annulled.

Contradiction

The negation of a proposition, or the combination of the proposition and its negation.

Intuitive

In accordance with our feelings or expectations.

Pragmatic

Practical; based on what works regardless of theoretical considerations, principles, moral implications, or truth.

Self-Refuting

That which shows itself to be wrong.

Transcend

To go beyond.

Apparent

Something that appears clear to the eye or mind, though it may not be.

Prerequisites

Those things that are required in advance; that which is necessary to a particular end.

Rhetoric

The art or skill of speaking or writing effectively and persuasively (regardless of considerations of logic or truth).

Subjective

Dependent on the thoughts or feelings of the individual.

Arbitrary

Something that does not have a specific reason.

Cogent

An informal argument where the conclusion is likely to be true.

Inconsistent

At variance or not compatible

Lexical Definition

The definition of a word found in a dictionary or lexicon.

Stipulative Definition

A declaration of the meaning of a word or phrase that does not already have an established use.

Precising Definition

The definition of a word that is consistent with its lexical definition, but which adds further restrictions for the purpose of clarification or scientific precision.

Theoretical Definition

A stipulative or lexical definition that is associated with a particular scientific theory.

Persuasive Definition/ Rhetorical Definition

A fallacious definition, not found in any dictionary, that is intended to persuade somone.

Referent

The object or idea to which a word points or symbolizes.

Ambiguity

The quality of being unclear in meaning; the capacity to be understood in two or more ways.

Biased

Inclined or prejudiced to a particular position.

Linguistic Token

A written or spoken symbol that represents something else; words

Formal Logic

The study of the principles of correct reasoning that focuses on the structure (or form) of the argument.

Informal Logic

The study of the principles of correct reasoning which does not focus on the structure of an argument.

Sound

An argument that is valid and also has true premises. It always has a true conclusion.

Syllogism

A categorical argument containing two premises and one conclusion.

Valid

An argument in which the conclusion follows logically from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.

Enthymeme

An argument with an unstated premise or an unstated conclusion.

Fallacy of Ambiguity

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has used words or phrases in a way that is confusing or vague.

Fallacy of Presumption

A category of logical fallacy in which the argument has assumed something that is unproved or doubtful.

Fallacy of Relevance

A category of logical fallacy in which the conclusion of the argument is not strongly relevant to the premises. 

Equivocation

Shifting from one meaning of a word to another within an argument.