cs

AIM-To investigate wether the children of parents with mental illness are __ __ to mental illness

More vulnerable

AIM-To investigate the relationshiP between __ and __ and __

Bipolar, schizophrenia, genes

EXPERIMENT TYPE:

Quasi-experiment

EXPERIMENT DESIGN:

Independent measures

2 IV’s:

Amount of parents with a diagnosis, parents diagnosis

DV:Whether the children had a:

Diagnosis of mental illness

SECONDARY DATA: using data already collected by the __ __ from all citizens via birth records and doctors records

Danish government

SAMPLE-Participants were drawn from a population of __ million Danish with both an identifiable registered mother and father from Denmark

2.7

SAMPLE-All from the __ __ __ (DNR)

Danish National Registory

SAMPLE-Particpants had a minimum age of __

10

SAMPLE-Each Dane has a __ __ __ for anonymous research purposes

Unique identification number

COHORT TWO-__ children with two schizophrenic parents

270

COHORT TWO-__ children with two bipolar parents

146

COHORT ONE-__ children with one schizophrenic parent

13,878

COHORT ONE-__ children with one bipolar parent

23,152

COHORT-Group of people with __ __

Shared characteristics

CONCLUSION-Having 2 parents with a mental illness __ the morbid risk of being diagnosed with a mental illness

Increased

CONCLUSION-Having one parent __ the morbid risk, but still has a greater likelihood of being diagnosed compared to individuals whose parents have _ __

Decreases, no diagnosis

CONCLUSION-The results suggest a __ __ of mental illness

Genetic explanation

CONCLUSION-Evidence of __ __: genes for different but similar mental illness seem to be related and share similar genetic causes

Genetic overlap

CONCLUSION-AS there is not 100% effect though, the results only suggest a __ __ to mental illness

Genetic vulnerability

CONCLUSION-The results suggest __ __ might be given to those who are more at risk from mental illness

Genetic counselling

Lambic system-Is a major structure of the __, involved in controlling:emotion, __, memory, arousal

Midbrain, learning

Hippocampus-One of the structures in the __ __, involved in controlling:spatial memory and __

Limbic system, navigation

LEE AND MIYASATO-demonstrated the hippocampi volume is larger in mammals and birds that need __ __ for __ __

Spatial memory, storing food

LEE AND MIYASATO-In some species, the hippocampal volume __ during seasons when __ __ is needed the most

Increases, spatial ability

Past research has not shown wether differences in brain structure is caused by ___

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity-__ __ and neuron are affected by __ and environment

Brain density, experience

Neuroplasticity-__ still restrict and guide the general structure and function of the brain

Genetics

Human London taxi drivers need good __ and __ information

Spatial, navigational

They have to pass a test called: __ __

The Knowledge

AIM-To show that the ___ in the human brain is the structure associated with spatial memory and navigation and os ___

Hippocampus, Neuroplastic

SAMPLE- __ healthy, __-handed, male London taxi drivers

16, right

SAMPLE- mean age of __ years

44

SAMPLE-Contol group:

Non-taxi drivers

SAMPLE-Conrol group:Matched for __, __, sex, mean age and age range

Health, handiness

SAMPLE-Control group:Scans taken from a lab in __

Massachusetts

RESEARCH METHOD: ___ __ with a ___

Quasi-lab experiment, correlation

EXPERIMENT DESIGN:

Matched pairs

IV:

Licensed London taxi driver or none taxi drivers

DV:The __ and __ of the anterior, body and posterior of the hippocampi

Volume, density

How data is gathered: MRI scans of participants’ brain analysed using:(2)

VBM, pixel counting

CORRELATION- studied between the length of time taxi drivers have been licensed and:

Volume of the hippocampal regions

RESULTS-Taxi drivers had denser __ __ in the right and left __ hippocampi compared to controls

Grey matter, posterior

RESULTS-The controls had denser __ __ in the right and left __ hippocampi compared to taxi drivers

Grey matter, anterior

RESULTS-No other __ __ between the brains of the two groups

Significant difference

RESULTS-Taxi drivers had significantly __ __ hippocampal volume than controls

Greater posterior

RESULTS-Controls had significantly greater __ __ hippocampal volume than the real taxi drivers

Anterior right

RESULTS-A significant __ correlation between the length of time as a qualified taxi driver and the right posterior hippocampal volume

Positive

RESULTS-A __ correlation for the __ hippocampal volume

Negative, anterior

CONCLUSION-There are __ __ between the hippocampi of the licensed London taxi drivers and non taxi drivers

Structural differences

CONCLUSION-The need for __ __ in licensed London taxi drivers is associated with a redistribution of grey matter in the hippocampus

Navigational skills

CONCLUSION-The changes in the hippocampal grey matter are acquired due to __

Nurture

CONCLUSION-Brain plasticity allows the brain to adapt to __ __ __

Prolonged environmental stimuli

Whistle-blower: person who

exposes/informs a person or organisation regarded as engaging in unlawful or immoral activity

Individual disposition:

the consistent internal character traits

Situation:

the environment they are in currently

AIM-whether people will __ , __ or __ when given an unethical and unjust request

obey, disobey, blow the whistle

AIM- the difference between how people think they behave and how they actually behave when ___.

responding to authority

AIM- if there are ___ in disobedience and whistleblowing.

individual personality differences

Sample:__ undergraduate students, __men, __ women.

149, 53, 96

Sampling technique:

Self selected

Research method:

Controlled observation

How data was gathered:

1. Structured observation

2. Self report psychometric

Data type:

quantitative

took place in 2 specially prepared rooms for around __ mins

40

Treated by a stern, formally dressed, confederate __

Dutch experimenter

The researcher asks the participant for the:

names of fellow students

False cover story:

The researcher has previously carried out sensory deprivation research, which caused negative side effects

Researcher says they want to carry out research again on younger students, but requires __ first

Ethical approval

The researcher asks the participants to lie and write a:

Supporting statement saying they participated in the sensory deprivation already

After the story is told, the experimenter leaves the participant for __ minutes, then return and takes the participant to a second room.

3

In the second room participants find a __ and an __+__

Computer, ethics committee form+outgoing mail box

A computer could be used to be __ and write a __

Obedient, supporting statement

Ethics committee form and an outgoing mail box could be used to:

Whistleblow

After a __ minute interval the experimenter returned and invited the participant to follow back into the first room; and gives the participant __ personality tests to complete

7, 3

At the end, all participant where __ fully.

Debriefed

Obedient:

Those who complied with the statement

Disobedient:

Those who refused to write the statement

OPEN whistle blowers: They __ to comply with the __ request and posted the __

Refused, supporting statement, research committee form

ANONYMOUS whistle blowers: Had __ the __ but still posted the __.

Completed, supporting statement, research committee form

RESULTS: There was ___ in relation to gender, religious affiliation, the six personality differences and social value orientation

No significant difference

RESULTS: Participants who believed in a ___ were significantly more likely to be ___

Transcendent reality, whistleblowers

___ descriptions of why participants obeyed or disobeyed.

Qualitative

RESULTS-__ analysis: qualitative data to describe reoccurring themes in the data.

Thematic

RESULTS-Obedience was due to:

External situational variables

RESULTS-Disobedience was due to:

Personal dispositional variables

CONSCLUSIONS- people obey __ even unjust ones

Authority figures

CONSCLUSIONS- Individuals behave in different ways than expected when in __ and __ situations

Unfamiliar, extreme

CONSCLUSIONS- __ rather than __ factors may offer a better explanation for disobedience

Situational, dispositional

In cats and humans, each individual neuron of the __ __will only activate in response to a specific type of __ __

Visual cortex, visual stimuli

___ are used to measure a single neurone

Micropipettes

HIRSCH AND SPINELLI- horizontal/vertical orientation neurons were found to be ___, unlike the usual __

Monocular, binocular

AIM-to investigate the development of the __ __ __ in cats

Primary visual cortex

AIM-to investigate if __ __ is innate or learned

Orientation selectivity

SAMPLE:

Kittens

TWO CONDITIONS:

1. One horizontal experiment

2. One vertical condition

RESEARCH METHOD:

Laboratory experiment

DESIGN:

Independent measures

IV:

Horizontally or vertically experienced