Unit 7: Adaptive Immunity

What is adaptive immunity?

Specific immunity that develops after exposure.

Is adaptive immunity specific or nonspecific?

Specific.

Is adaptive immunity fast or slow on first exposure?

Slow.

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

Humoral and cell-mediated.

Which cells provide humoral immunity?

B cells.

Which cells provide cell-mediated immunity?

T cells.

What do B cells become when activated?

Plasma cells and memory B cells.

Function of plasma cells?

Produce antibodies.

Function of memory B cells?

Respond quickly to future infections.

What do T cells attack?

Infected or abnormal body cells.

What are helper T cells?

T cells that activate other immune cells.

What are cytotoxic T cells?

T cells that kill infected cells.

What are memory T cells?

T cells that provide long-term immunity.

What is an antigen?

A substance that triggers an immune response.

What is an antibody?

A protein that binds a specific antigen.

Who produces antibodies?

Plasma cells.

What is immunological memory?

Faster response after re-exposure.

What is the primary immune response?

First exposure to an antigen.

How long does the primary immune response take?

About 5–10 days.

What is the secondary immune response?

Response after a second exposure.

How long does the secondary immune response take?

About 1–2 days.

Why is the secondary response faster?

Memory cells already exist.

What is active immunity?

Your body makes its own antibodies.

What is passive immunity?

Antibodies come from another source.

Natural active immunity?

Getting and recovering from a disease.

Artificial active immunity?

Vaccination.

Natural passive immunity?

Antibodies from mother.

Artificial passive immunity?

Injected antibodies.

Which type of immunity lasts the longest?

Active immunity.

Which type provides immediate protection?

Passive immunity.

What is an APC?

Antigen-presenting cell.

Function of an APC?

Display antigens to T cells.

Examples of APCs?

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells.

What is MHC?

Major histocompatibility complex.

What does MHC I present?

Antigens from inside the cell.

Which cells have MHC I?

Almost all nucleated cells.

Which T cells recognize MHC I?

Cytotoxic T cells.

What does MHC II present?

Antigens from outside the cell.

Which cells have MHC II?

Antigen-presenting cells.

Which T cells recognize MHC II?

Helper T cells.

What is clonal selection?

Activation of specific lymphocytes.

What is clonal expansion?

Rapid multiplication of activated cells.

What is immune tolerance?

Not attacking your own tissues.

What is an autoimmune disease?

Immune system attacks the body.

What is immunodeficiency?

Weak or absent immune response.

What is HIV?

A virus that destroys helper T cells.

Which immune cells does HIV target?

Helper T cells (CD4).

What is AIDS?

Advanced HIV infection.

What are immunoglobulins?

Antibodies.

What is IgG?

Most abundant antibody.

What is IgA?

Found in body secretions.

What is IgM?

First antibody produced.

What is IgE associated with?

Allergies and parasites.

What is IgD?

Found on B cells.

What is agglutination?

Antibodies clump pathogens together.

What is neutralization?

Antibodies block toxins or viruses.

What is opsonization?

Antibodies make pathogens easier to phagocytize.

What is complement activation?

Antibodies trigger complement proteins.

Can adaptive immunity create memory?

Yes.

Can innate immunity create memory?

No.

What is the purpose of memory cells?

Faster future immune response.

Magic words for adaptive immunity?

Specific, memory, B cells, T cells.