CTAP Final

what are the alveoli of the lungs?

sacs that attach to alveolar ducts

where does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

what types of cells make up alveoli?

simple squamous epithelium

room for gas exchange

how does gas exchange occur?

simple diffusion

What is the epiglottis made of?

elastic cartilage

non-keratinezed stratified squamous

what forces the epiglottis closed?

tongue

what is the epiglottis attached to?

entrance of the larynx

what is the function of the epiglottis?

Closes the laryngeal inlet prior to swallowing in order to prevent the food and liquid accessing the airway

What is the trachea lined with?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with basement membrane and goblet cells

what is the musculoskeletal support of trachea?

C shaped rings of hyaline cartilage with smooth muscle in posterior opening of each

what is the function of the trachea?

conduct air to and from the lungs

what is the conduction zone?

the parts of the respiratory system that participate only in ventilation

what are the structures in the conducting zone? (6)

nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx

trachea

bronchi

most bronchioles

what is the respiratory zone?

site of gas exchange

what are the structures of the respiratory zone?

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli

what are type 2 alveolar cells?

secrete surfactant

what is the role of surfactant?

to reduce surface tension within the fluid lining the alveoli preventing collapse

what is the composition of the bronchioles?

No cartilage, smooth muscle only

ciliated simple cuboidal

where does asthma occur?

bronchioles

what is the role of dendritic cells?

process antigen material and present it on the cell surface to T cells

what are the germinal centers?

contains dividing B-cells

forms secondary lymphoid tissue

secretes plasma cells

what are Hassall's corpuscles?

Located in the medulla of the thymus

what are the function of Hassall's corpuscles?

involved in regulatory T-cell development

what are the functions the spleen?

largest lymphatic organ

stores blood platelets

destroys defective RBC's

site of immune response

Where are Peyer's patches located?

ileum

what are the functions of Peyer's patches?

stops bacteria from breaking through intestinal wall

creates memory lymphocytes

what is the lymph drainage from the left arm to the heart?

thoracic duct which drains into left subclavian / left internal jugular

what mucosa is associated with lymphatic tissue?

peyer's patches, tonsils, appendix

lymphoid modules in walls of bronchi

protects digestive system and respiratory system from foreign matter

What are the exocrine secretions of the pancreas?

digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

serous glands

what digestive enzymes are produced my pancreas?

amylase

trypsinogen

lipase

chymotrypsinogen

bicarbonate

what is the endocrine function of the liver?

secretes plasma proteins, glucose, lipoproteins

what is the exocrine function of the liver?

bile production

What is the detoxification function of the liver?

using SER and peroxisomes

what is the glucose storage function of liver?

stores glycogen

What are Kupffer cells and where are they located?

macrophages found in liver

breaks down RBCs

has antigen presenting cells

what is the epithelium of the large intestine?

simple columnar

why is the epithelium of the large intestine simple columnar?

easy absorption

what is the function of villi in the small intestine?

increases surface area

increases absorption nutrients from the lumen

what types of cell are in the stomach? (5)

surface mucous

mucous neck

parietal

chief

G

what is the function of surface mucous cell?

secretes alkaline fluid containing mucin

what is the function mucous neck cells?

secretes acidic fluid containing mucin

what is the function of parietal cells?

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

what is the function of chief cells?

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase

what is the function of G cells?

enteroendocrine cells that secrete gastrin in the blood

Where are Brunner's glands located?

submucosa and mucosa of duodenum

what are the functions of Brunner's glands?

alkaline mucous producing glands

protects the duodenum from being burned by acid

What is Hirschsprung's disease?

caused by failure of neural crest cells to migrate completely during intestinal development during fetal life

what are the results of Hirschsprung's disease?

the resulting anganglionic segment of the colon fails to relax, causing a functional obstruction

what are the 3 layers of the small intestine?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis

what is the mucosa layer?

Mucous membrane with villi to increase surface area and glands

what is the submucosa layer?

Connective tissue containing blood and lymph (areolar CT)

what is the muscularis layer?

Composed of smooth muscles

circular (sphincter) and longitudinal

helps move food through canal

what are helper T cells?

stimulate the proliferation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells

what do helper T cells produce?

cytokines

what do cytokines promote?

differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, activate macrophages, activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes, induce inflammation

what is the IgA antigen?

present in exocrine solutions (milk, saliva, tears, and mucus)

What is the IgG antibody?

most abundant, smallest, crosses the placenta, confers passive immunity, second to respond

What is the IgM antibody?

largest, heaviest, most effective antibody class in the activating compliment system, first to increase

what is the IgE antibody?

surface of MAST cells, histamines, allergic reactions, parasites

what is the IgD antibody?

goes with IgG in erthryoblastosis fetalis

what are the physical barriers of the immune system?

skin

mucous membrane of the GI, respiratory and urogenital tracts

what are the layers of the urothelium?

single basal layer

intermediate region

umbrella cells

what is the intermediate region of urothelium?

one to few layers of cuboidal/columnar cells

what are the umbrella cells of urothelium?

domed shape and form tight junctions

what is the function of capillary fenestrae of glomerular filtration?

blocks RBC and plates

filtrates can go through the small hole

what are the functions of the kidney's? (5)

fluid balance

balance of electrolytes

get rid of wastes

resorb nutrient

regulate blood pressure

what is the roll of fluid balance kidney's?

maintain extra and intra cellular fluids

what is the roll of balancing electrolytes kidney's?

maintain normal plasma concentration by excreting excess

what nutrients do the kidney's reabsorb?

glucose and amino acids

what hormone regulates blood pressure in kidneys?

renin

what is the glomerular capsule composed of?

simple squamous (parietal)

podocytes (visceral) with extension pedicles

capsular space

what is the function of glomerular basement membrane?

blocks large proteins

what cells secrete renin?

juxtaglomerular cells

what are the characteristics of proximal convolutes tubules? (5)

simple cuboidal

many microvilli

form brush border in the lumen

facilitates reabsorption

many mitochondria

what characteristics of distal convoluted tubule? (3)

simple cuboidal

less microvilli (empty lumen)

less mitochondria

what epithelium of the bladder and ureter?

urothelium -- transitional epithelium

what are podocytes?

cells in the glomerular capsule in the kidneys that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus

what are the function of podocytes?

provide a barrier comprising of filtration slits

blocks small proteins, anions

what is the route of filtrate?

glomerular capsule → proximal convoluted tubule → loop of henle → distal convoluted tubule → collecting tubule

what hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? (6)

TSH

prolactin

FSH and LSH

GH

ACTH

what is the function of TSH?

simulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone

what is the function of prolactin?

acts on mammary glands to stimulate production

what is the function of FSH and LSH?

acts on gonads of stimulate of gametes

what is the function of GH?

acts on all body tissues, especially cartilage, bone, muscle and adipose, connective tissue to stimulate growth

are GH and prolactin trophic or non-trophic?

non-tropic → directly stimulate target cells

are TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH tropic or non-tropic?

tropic → regulate secretory action of another gland

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland? (2)

oxytocin

ADH

what is the function oxytocin?

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection in women producing milk

what is the function of ADH?

released to help retain water in kidney's and regulate solute concentration in blood

where is oxytocin produced?

hypothalamus

what are the function of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?

neural connection to hypothalamus

Carries releasing and inhibiting hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion

what are the layers of the adrenal cortex?

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

what hormone is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

minercorticoids (aldosterone

what hormone is secreted by the zona fasciculata?

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

what hormone is secretes by the zona reticularis?

sex hormones (androgens and estrogen)

what are the effects of hyperthyroidism? (5)

heat intolerance

weigh loss

tachycardia

diarrhea

warm moist skin

what happens when you have high levels of ADH?

the kidney cannot release water so blood volume increases

what are symptoms of high levels of ADH? (4)

nausea

lethargic headaches

disorientation

low blood sodium levels

what is Conn's syndrome?

one or both adrenal glands produce more aldosterone than normal

can cause hypertension

what stimulates the release of ACTH?

Stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone

effected by fever, hypoglycemia, stressors