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Actus Reus
the physical act or unlawful omission that constitutes a crime.
Arson
the intentional burning of another's property or one's own property to commit fraud.
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt
the legal standard in criminal cases requiring the prosecution to prove guilt to such a level that no reasonable doubt remains.
Burglary
unlawfully entering a building with the intent to commit a crime, typically theft.
Computer Crime
any criminal activity involving computers or networks, such as hacking, fraud, or identity theft.
Crime
a wrongful act punishable by law.
Double Jeopardy
a constitutional protection under the Fifth Amendment preventing a person from being tried twice for the same crime.
Duress
a defense where a person commits a crime due to immediate threat of serious harm or death.
Embezzlement
the fraudulent appropriation of funds or property entrusted to one's care.
Entrapment
a defense claiming the government induced a person to commit a crime they otherwise would not have committed.
Exclusionary Rule
a legal principle that prohibits evidence obtained illegally from being used in court.
Felony
a serious crime punishable by more than one year in prison or death.
Forgery
the fraudulent alteration or creation of a document to deceive others.
Insider Trading
the illegal buying or selling of stocks based on non-public, confidential information.
Larceny
the unlawful taking and carrying away of someone else's personal property with intent to steal.
Mens Rea
the mental state or intent required to commit a crime.
Misdemeanor
a less serious crime punishable by a fine or imprisonment for less than a year.
Money Laundering
disguising illegally obtained money as legitimate funds by processing it through legal businesses.
Petty Offense
a minor crime, often punishable by a small fine with no jail time.
Plea Bargaining
a negotiation where a defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge in exchange for a reduced sentence.
Probable Cause
reasonable grounds for law enforcement to conduct a search, make an arrest, or obtain a warrant.
Robbery
the forcible taking of another's property through violence or intimidation.
Search Warrant
a court order authorizing law enforcement to conduct a search of a specific location.
Self-Defense
the legal right to use reasonable force to protect oneself from harm.
Self-Incrimination
the act of exposing oneself to criminal prosecution, protected against by the Fifth Amendment.
White-Collar Crime
non-violent financial crimes typically committed by individuals in business or professional settings, such as fraud, embezzlement, or insider trading.
