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pathology

What is pathology?

The study of disease, especially the changes in body tissues and organs caused by disease.

What is clinical pathology?

Uses laboratory methods to help diagnose diseases and solve clinical problems.

What is pathogenesis?

How a disease or unhealthy condition develops and progresses.

Why is understanding pathology important for a PTA?

It helps the PTA understand how a disease affects a person's function, movement, and ability to participate in daily activities.

What is the main focus of therapy when looking at impairment and functional limitation?

How the disease affects the person's ability to function.

What is the WHO definition of health?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.

Why is health considered a continuum?

Health can change over time. A person can move from a high level of wellness toward illness or vice versa.

What are the four areas of health?

• Physical/biologic

• Psychological

• Spiritual

• Social/sociologic

What does the physical/biologic part of health include?

The body's tissues, organs, biochemical processes, and physical functions.

What is illness?

The person's feeling and response to not being well.

What is disease?

A biological or psychological change that causes a body organ or system to malfunction.

What is the difference between illness and disease?

Disease is the actual medical condition, while illness is how the person experiences and responds to not being well.

What is incidence?

The number of new cases of a condition during a specific period of time.

Incidence = NEW cases.

What is prevalence?

The number of all cases, both new and old, of a condition at a specific point in time.

Prevalence = ALL CASES

If researchers count people who developed a disease during the past year, is that incidence or prevalence?

Incidence

If researchers count everyone who currently has a disease, is that incidence or prevalence?

Prevalence

What are predictive factors?

Factors that help predict a patient's prognosis and possible outcome.

Why should a PTA consider the natural history of a disease?

It helps the PTA understand where the patient is in the disease process and plan appropriate treatment.

What are secondary impairments?

New problems that develop because of the original disease or condition.

Ex Joint contractures, muscle wasting from disuse, chronic pain, or decreased endurance can develop as secondary problems.

What is an acute illness?

An illness that usually starts quickly and lasts a short amount of time.

Does acute mean severe?

No. Acute describes how quickly the illness starts and how long it lasts, not how severe it is.

What is a chronic illness?

A long-term illness that may cause permanent impairment or disability and may require long-term medical care or rehabilitation. EX Diabetes, fibromyalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis.

What is an acute exacerbation?

A flare-up or worsening of a chronic condition that causes additional problems and may require more medical treatment.

What does “getting different” instead of “getting better” mean?

With some chronic conditions, the goal may be learning to live and function differently rather than completely getting rid of the condition.

What is a premorbid psychological profile?

A person's psychological characteristics and personality before becoming ill.

How might a dependent person respond to illness?

They may become very dependent on healthcare workers and ask for a lot of advice or reassurance.

How might a narcissistic person respond to illness?

They may focus strongly on themselves, such as worrying about medication or losing their ability to work.

How might a stoic person respond to illness?

They may have difficulty admitting they are sick or may not show that they are experiencing pain.

What is noncompliance?

Can noncompliance have a psychological cause?

Not following the recommended treatment or medical plan.Yes. For example, denial may cause someone to believe they do not need treatment.

What are functional symptoms?

Symptoms that occur without significant physical damage or dysfunction of brain cells.

What are organic symptoms?

Symptoms caused by actual physical or physiological changes in the brain or body.

What is an example of a functional symptom?

Depression that occurs as a psychological response to a medical condition.

What is an example of an organic symptom?

Psychological symptoms caused directly by medication or a medical condition.

What is disability?

A condition that affects a person's ability to function or participate in everyday life.

What does the medical model of disability focus on?

It focuses on the individual's medical problem and sees healthcare providers as responsible for correcting or treating the problem.

What does the social model of disability focus on?

It focuses on barriers in the environment or society that make it difficult for a person to function.

What is the difference between the medical and social models?

The medical model focuses on the person, while the social model focuses more on environmental and social barriers.

What does ICF stand for?

International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health.

What organization created the ICF?

The World Health Organization (WHO).

What does the ICF focus on?What are the five components of the ICF?

It focuses on how people function and live with their health conditions, not just their disease or disability.

Body functions

• Body structures

• Activities and participation

• Environmental factors

• Personal factors

What is an impairment?

A problem with a body function or body structure.

What is an activity limitation?

Difficulty performing a specific activity.

What is participation?

A person's involvement in real-life situations.

What is a participation restriction?

A problem taking part in real-life situations.

What are environmental factors?

Things around a person that can either help or make functioning harder

What are personal factors?

Individual characteristics that can affect functioning, such as personal or psychological factors.

Why is the ICF important for PTAs?

It helps the PTA look at the whole person and understand how a condition affects function, activities, participation, and the person's environment

What are the five types of cognitive deficits commonly seen by PTAs?

• Decreased executive functions

• Poor complex problem solving

• Slowed information processing

• Memory deficits

• Learning disabilities

What are executive functions?

Brain functions used to make goals, plan, start, monitor, and maintain behavior.

What might a person with decreased executive function look like?

They may appear inactive, uninterested, or apathetic.

What is an example of complex problem solving in physical therapy?

Learning a wheelchair transfer and then being able to use the same skill from a bed to a chair, toilet, or car.

What brain area is commonly associated with memory deficits?

The temporal lobe.

What are the main principles of health promotion?What is health promotion?

• Self-responsibility

• Nutrition awareness

• Stress reduction and management

• Physical fitness

• Actions that help people improve and maintain their health and wellness.What is Healthy People 2030?
  Answer: A national program that provides science-based 10-year goals for improving health and preventing disease.

What is primary prevention?

Preventing a disease or condition before it happens by reducing risk factors. EX Exercise, eating enough calcium, not smoking, wearing seat belts, wearing helmets, and getting immunizations.

What is secondary prevention?

Finding disease early and taking action to prevent it from becoming worse. EX. Mammograms, colonoscopies, cervical Pap tests, and tuberculosis testing.

What is tertiary prevention?

Limiting the effects of an established disease and helping the person maintain or regain function.EX Rehabilitation, chemotherapy, and radiation used to control established disease.

Which type of prevention focuses on preventing disease?

Primary prevention.

Which type focuses on early detection?

Secondary prevention.

Which type focuses on limiting disability and improving function?

Tertiary prevention.

How can exercise improve cardiovascular health?

It can increase cardiovascular capacity and decrease the heart's oxygen demand.

How can exercise affect bone health?

It can increase bone density and help prevent osteoporosis.

How can exercise affect muscle?

It helps maintain muscle mass, strength, and endurance.

How can exercise reduce falls?

It can improve strength, flexibility, and postural stability.

Why must a PTA consider comorbidities when planning exercise?

Other medical conditions can change how safely and effectively a person can exercise.

What can happen if DNA contains an error?

The cell may make the wrong protein or make too much or too little of a protein, which can cause disease.

What are acquired mutations?

Genetic changes that develop during a person's lifetime rather than being inherited.

Can acquired mutations be inherited by future generations?

No. They can be passed to daughter cells in the person's body, but they cannot be inherited by future generations.

What was the Human Genome Project?

An international project that studied and mapped the human genome.

Completed april 2003

How many pairs of Chromosomes are in humans

23 pairs

approximately how many base pairs of human DNA were sequenced?

3.1 billion base pairs

What were the main goals of the Human Genome Project?

To identify human genes, map where they are located on chromosomes, and understand how the genes function.

What percentage of the human genome is the same across human populations according to the notes?

99.99%

What does DNA do?What does RNA do?What are ribosomes?What are amino acids?What is the basic process of DNA → RNA → protein?

DNA contains the instructions for making proteins.

RNA receives instructions from DNA and carries them to the ribosomes.

Structures in cells that make proteins.

The building blocks that are combined to make proteins.

DNA gives the instructions → RNA carries the instructions → ribosomes use the instructions to build proteins.

What is gene therapy?

A treatment that targets malfunctioning cells and attempts to repair or replace defective genes. ( human genetic engineering) Goal is to To replace or repair defective genes so cells can function normally.

What is a vector?

A carrier used to deliver a gene into a cell.

What is the most common type of vector used in gene therapy?

Genetically altered viruses.

What are some possible uses of gene therapy?

It is being studied for conditions such as cancer, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, heart disease, muscular dystrophy, and other diseases.

How could gene therapy help heart disease?

It can be used to encourage the growth of new blood vessels and improve blood flow to the heart.

What is therapeutic angiogenesis?

The growth of new blood vessels to improve blood supply.

100. What can happen if DNA contains an error?