midterm anatomy skeletal system

diaphysis

THE SHAFT OF LONG BONES the shaft of the bone; made mostly of compact bone; contains medullary cavity in center

Epiphysis

THE ENDS OF LONG BONES, ends of bones; made mostly of spongy bone

Medullary Cavity

Cavity found in the center of long bones; contains yellow bone marrow (fat storage)

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of bones.

function is to reduce friction at moveable joints

tendons

dense regular CT (connective tissue) found connecting MUSCLES to BONES

ligaments

Ligaments dense regular CT found connecting BONES to BONES

hematopoiesis

the process where blood cells are made, occurs in red bone marrow

ossification

process of creating bones

vertebra

bones protecting spinal cord

forearm

consists of radius and ulna

longbone

classification of bones that are longer than they are wide

short bone

classification of bones that are cubed and contain mostly spongy bone

flat bone

classification of bones that are thin. & flattened; often appears with slight curve

Osteoblasts

bone cells that create/build bone

Osteons

Long cylindrical structures of bone matrix found in compact bone

Foramen magnum

Large, oval opening found at base of skull; serves as an opening for the spinal cord to connect to the brain

Vertebral foramen

Central opening in each vertebra that surrounds & protects the spinal cord

Obturator foramen

large opening in hip bone for nerves & blood vessels

Sagittal suture

connects the two parietal bones

Coronal suture

Connects the frontal bone with the two parietal bones

Articulation

where two bones meet aka joint

Osteocyte

a mature bone cell found in cavities (lacunae) in osteons of compact bone

osteoclast

bone cells that break down bone in order to deposit minerals needed in blood

Lacunae

cavities in osteons that house osteocytes

Lamellae

concentric circles that make up an osteon

Haversian's canal

Canal central channel of osteons where blood vessels and nerves are Found

Compact Bone (Cortical bone)

dense outer layer ef all bones & the diaphysis of long bones made of ostens, provides strength

Spongy Bone (Trabecular bone)

a type of bone tissue that is porous and honeycomb-like; contains red bone marrow

Canaliculi

small microscopic channels found in osteons that Connect osteocytes to central canal

Explain how an epiphyseal plate is different from an epiphyseal line?

epiphyseal plate = bone still growing in length (aka growth plate)

epiphyseal line = bone is DONE growing in length

BOTH- allows length growth of bones

What kind of cartilage is articular cartilage?

hyaline (glassy covering on ends of bones; reduces friction)

Type of fractures to know: GREEN STICK

Greenstick: an incomplete bone fracture where the bone bends and cracks on one side only

incomplete fracture found mostly in children

Know the bones that are considered a part of the appendicular skeleton:

hands (phalanges, carpals,metacarpals) radius, una, humorous, scapula, clavicle, coxal, femur, tibia, fibula, feet (phalanges, tarsals, metatarsals) patella

Know the bones that are considered a part of the axial skeleton

skull bones (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, maxilla, mandible, etc), sternum, ribs, vertebrae, Sacrum, coccyx

Tibia

Shin Bone

calcaneous

heel bone

glenoid cavity

socket (found in scapula) for humerus head to fit into

atlas

c1 vertebra

axis

c2 vertebra

hyoid

(in throat) only bone that is not connected to other bone

coccyx

tail bone

coxal

(pelvis hip bone) includes ilium ischium pubis

wrist bones

carpals

ankle bones

tarsals

Acetabulum

socket (found in coxal bone) for femur head to fit into

3 functional type of joints

synarthrosis - no movement (skull bones)

b. amphiarthrosis - slight movement (intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis)

c. diarthrosis - highly movable, shoulder, hip, knee, etc)

Diarthrosis joints

hinge- elbow, knee, ankle

plane- wrist

condylar- knuckles

pivot- neck (between atlas and axis)

ball and socket- shoulder and hip

What are the 4 shapes bones can be - give several examples of each

flat- most skull bones, sternum, and ribs

irregular- vertebrae, hip (coxal)

short- carpals, tarsals, patella

long- femur, tibia, fibula, metatarpals; phalanges, humerus, ulna, radius, metacarpals, phalanges,

functions of bone marrow types

yellow bone marrow- to store adipose (fat tissue)

found in diaphysis of long bones in medullary cavities

red bone marrow- to make blood cells (hematopeosis)

found within spongy bone, found in flat bones, irregular and short bones, and the epiphysis of long bones

tubercle

a projection that serves as a site for ligaments and muscles to attach

fossa

a shallow depressed surface that often receives another bone

meatus

a tube like channel that extends within bones

foramen

a round or oval opening through a bone for nerves and blood vessels

process

a general term for any projection

fissure

a long narrow slit like opening in a bone

trochanter

a VERY large blunt projection found only on femur

Condyle

a large, rounded projection that forms part of a joint

describe the ribs

true ribs: 1-7 Connect to ribs,and sternum individually;

false ribs: 8-10 (connect to vertebra & join together via costal cartilage before connecting to sternum

floating ribs: 11-12 only connect to vertebra)

What three bones make the sternum?

1- manubrium (top)

2- sternal body (middle)

3- xiphoid process (bottom)

How is a female pelvis different from a male pelvis

inlet of female is wider ; wider pubic arch in female; generally lighter pelvic bone.

Know the following functional classifications of joints - give examples of each:

Synarthrosis immovable - sutures of skull

Amphiarthrosis Slightly movable - pubic symphysis & intervertebral joints

Diarthrosis highly movable - Knee, shoulder, hip

HONERS QUESTION ESSAY ANSWERS

differentiate the functions of yellow marrow/red

-Functions:

Yellow marrow to store adipose (fat) tissue

Red bone marrow make blood cells (hematopoiesis)

Found:

Yellow bone marrow diaphysis of long bones in medullary cavity

Red bone marrow in spongy bone, found in flat bones,

irregular bones, short bones & epiphysis of long bones

explain how the anatomy of compact bone differs from that of spongy bone

-compact bone-

Function:

• Provides strength, rigidity, and resistance to bending/twisting.

found:

• diaphysis (shaft) of long bones.

Tissue:

• Made of tightly packed bone tissue.

-spongy bone-

function:

• Absorbs shock due to its flexible, lattice-like architecture.

Found:

• Epiphyses (ends) of long bones

tissue:

• Composed of a porous network of thin bone plates called trabeculae.

how many ribs do we have

12 pairs (24)

periosteum

Connective tissue covering the outside of the diaphysis of long bones

compact bone

what type of bone makes up the diaphysis of long bones

in the shaft of long bones

where is the medullary cavity found in bones

tendons

CT found connecting muscles to bones

ligaments

CT found connecting bones to bones

cortical bone

compact bone

Trabecular (cancellous) bone

spongy bone

canaliculi

small microscopic channels that connect lacunae and the central canal

the bone is still growing lengthwise

The presence of an epiphyseal plate indicates that:

bone is finished growing in length

The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates that

what makes the hyoid bone so special

does not connect to any other bone

Example of a condylar joint

knuckles

example of a pivot joint

neck - between atlas and axis

example of diarthrosis joints

knee, shoulder, hip

example of amphiarthrosis joints

pubic symphysis and intervertebral joints

example of synarthrosis joints

sutures of skull