Changing Places General AO1 - AQA Geography A-Level

Define Location

The Physical space where a place is situated.

Define Locale

Culture and social dynamics of a place (Glastonbury is Somerset)

Define Sense of Place

The subjective and emotional attachment to a place based on lived experience (Doreen Massey)

What are three theoretical approaches to place?

Descriptive
Social Constructionist
Phenomenological

What is a descriptive approach to place?

A place that has elements to make it identifiable. The physical features such as where it is, etc.

What is a social constructionist approach to place?

How a place has changed over time and how it will continue to change. (Temporal scale)

What is a phenomenological approach to place?

How an individual experiences a place, this can vary from person to person

Define a Near Place

A place that is geographically near to a person or one where there could be affinity

Define a Far Place

A place that is geographically far from someone or there is a lack of emotional connection

Define Media Places

Places that have been encouraged or discouraged by media for people to visit. Villages often considered picturesque, cities more run down and deprived.

The place has never been visited by that person.

Define Experienced Places

Places that people have been to and know the social norms. Generally a more accurate view of a place. Experience does mean it is positive.

Define Endogenous Factors

Factors that originate internally within a place

Give four examples of endogenous factors in a place

Any four from

Demographics
Physical Geography
Socio-Economic
Built Environment
Political Factors
Cultural Factors

Define Exogenous Factors

Factors that originate externally or from other places or the flows of people, resources, etc.

Give five examples of Exogenous Factors

Any five from

Flows of Money
Flows of People
Flows of Resources
Flows of Ideas
Flows of Investment
Deindustrialisation
Trade Links
Distance from Capital City
Government Policies.

Define Clone Town

A place where the high street is typically dominated by large chain shops that make the place unidentifiable from others, promotes placelessness.

Define Homogenised

The process by which a place is very similar, socially, economically, etc.

Define Function

The reason for a place to exist.

Mining villages
Technological hubs (Silicon Valley)

Who devised the terms Topophobia and Topophilia?

Yi Fu Tuan

Define Topophilia

The love of a place

What is the Shrinking World Theory

The idea that the world is becoming more interconnected, through globalisation meaning that communications and trade are happening faster than before.

Give some evidence for the Shrinking World Theory

The Internet
Social Media
Low-cost airlines
Trans-National Companies (TNC's)

Who devised the terms First Space, Second Space and Third Space and when did they?

Soja, 1989

Define First Space

Physical material space that has limits (Mountains, Buildings)

Define Second Space

Representational Space, how space is perceived and argued over

Define Third Space

Lived space, combines first and second space, which is simultaneously real and imagined

Define an Insider

Someone who knows a place very well and shares cultural norms with other people

Give some examples of characteristics of an insider

Born near to the place
Has a VISA or citizenship for the country
Knows the language well
Knows social norms and unspoken rules
Feels safe, secure and happy

Give some characteristics of an outsider to a place.

Not born close to the place
Does not have a citizenship / VISA
Doesn't know the language very well
Social norms not understood
Feels homesick / "Out of place"

Define Localism

Affection of a particular place, living in a small area for a long time, volunteering, etc.

Define Regionalism

Loyalty to a nation with population that shares interests. Cornwall - Own language, identity and heritage. People want protection of that culture.

Define Nationalism

Loyalty to a nation with national consciousness. Usually strengthened by common language, anthem, culture and flags.

Give an example of how places have changed over time

- Seaside Resorts changing to adapt for holidaymakers
- Changes to flow of investment
- Conflict, Olympic Park in East London

Give a local example of a place that has changed

Bourneville Village - Influenced by Cadbury's. Houses built for workers and encouraged green city movement.

Give a regional example of a place that has changed

Devonport, Plymouth - Massive wall split the community in two. Significant economic downturn in 1980's / 1990's.

Give a national example of a place that has changed.

Medellin, Colombia - "The Most Dangerous City in the World". Controlled by Pablo Escobar until 1993. Now a model for urban regeneration after social classes were allowed to integrate.

Define an Agent of Change

People who impact on a place through living, working or trying to improve the place.

Give three examples of agents of change

Residents
Community Groups
Corporate Entities
Local Governments
Media

Give three examples of EXTERNAL agents of change

Governmental Policies
Multinational Corporations
Global Institutions

Give three examples of where government policies have impacted on a place

Any three from

Financial incentives for industry (tax breaks)
Multiplier Effect stimulated to increase wealth
Encouragement of clone towns as chain stores enter a place.

What is the knock on effect of MNC's on places

Deindustrialisation of places if the workplace moves (Cadbury moving to Poland in 2010)

How do global institutions change places (Give an example)

World Bank running 15 development projects in Haiti. Allows Haiti to develop self sufficiently and stop relying on the World Bank. Can lead to loss of cultural norms.

What are some other ways that places can change?

Working population moving out
TNC's closing or moving locations
Media trying to promote or demote a place
Multiplier effect

Discuss why not all changes to a place are welcome

Communities displaced because of the place changing
Gentrification / "Not in my Backyard"
"Made by the rich, for the rich".

What is the cycle of urbanisation?

Urbanisation -> Sub-Urbanisation -> Counter-urbanisation -> reurbanisation -> Megacities and then repeats.

What is the main factor for a place to urbanise and prosper

Provision of goods and services. Wealthier cities typically supply goods at a global scale.

What factors can complicate the cycle of urbanisation?

Social Factors
Building Dereliction
The cycles for the developing world are likely to be very different.

Define Placelessness

A person who doesn't have a sense of place. Lack of emotional attachment, no affinity.

Define Infrastructure

Essential services to enable living conditions within a place. These include roads, airports, communications, healthcare, etc.

Define Topophobia

The fear of a place

Define an Outsider

Some who does not know a place particularly well and may feel isolated from the community.

Give three factors of social welfare

Any three from

Environmental Quality
Crime and Drugs
Built Environment
% Education
Social Services
Cultural and Religious Aspects

What are the seven indicators of deprivation and their respective weights?

Income (22.5%)
Employment (22.5%)
Education (13.5%)
Health (13.5%)
Crime (9.3%)
Barriers to Housing (9.3%)
Built Environment (9.3%)

What are Deciles?

A way of measuring social inequality - Calculated using data from 32844 wards in the UK into ten groups.

Decile 1 is the highest 10% deprived and Decile 10 is the lowest 10%