Musculoskeletal System

pgs 323-342, plus additional terms from Canvas

leiomy/o

smooth (visceral) muscle

muscul/o, my/o

muscle

brachi/o

arm

carp/o

wrist bone (carpus)

cephal/o

head

cervic/o

neck

clavicul/o

collar bone (clavicle)

cost/o

ribs

crani/o

skull (cranium)

dactyl/o

fingers; toes

humer/o

upper arm bone (humerus)

metacarp/o

hand bones (metacarpus)

phalang/o

bones of the fingers and toes (phalanges)

radi/o

lower arm bone on thumb side (radius)

spondyl/o

backbone (vertebrae; for pathologies)

vertebr/o

backbone (vertebrae; for anatomy)

stern/o

breastbone (sternum)

thorac/o

chest

calcane/o

heel bone (calcaneum)

femor/o

thigh bone (femur)

fibul/o

smaller bone of lower leg (fibula)

ili/o

lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone (ilium)

ischi/o

lower portion of the hip bone (ischium)

lumb/o

lower back, loins (lumbar)

metatars/o

foot bones (metatarsals)

patell/o

kneecap (patella)

pelv/i, pelv/o

the bone between the lumbar region of the abdomen superiorly and thighs inferiorly, responsible for supporting upper body weight (pelvis)

ped/i, pod/o

foot

pub/o

anterior part of the pelvic bone (pubis)

tibi/o

larger bone of the lower leg (tibia)

ankyl/o

stiffness; bent, crooked

arthr/o

joint

chondr/o

cartilage

fasci/o

band; fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles (fascia)

fibr/o

a threadlike structure forming part of various tissues (fiber, fibrous tissue)

kyph/o

humpback

lamin/o

part of vertebral arch (lamina)

lord/o

swayback, curve

myel/o

bone marrow; spinal cord

orth/o

straight

oste/o

bone

ped/i, ped/o

foot; child

scoli/o

crooked, bent

synov/o

relating to joints which are surrounded by a thick flexible membrane forming a sac into which a viscous, lubricating fluid is secreted (synovial membrane, synovial fluid)

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

fibrous connective tissue that binds muscle to bone (tendon)

-asthenia

weakness, debility

-clasia, -clast

to break; surgical fracture

-desis

binding, fixation (of a bone or joint)

-malacia

softening

-physis

growth

-plasty

surgical repair

-porosis

having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass (porous)

-sarcoma

malignant tumor of connective tissue

a-

without, not

dys-

bad; painful; difficult

sub-

beneath, below

supra-

excessive, above

syn-

union, joined, together

orthopedics

the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

orthopedist

physician who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

rheumatologist

physician who specializes in the treatment of joint disease

arthritis

inflammation of a joint, usually followed by pain, swelling, and deformity; general term for many joint diseases

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

systemic autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, resulting in crippling deformities

osteoarthritis/degenerative joint disease (DJD)

the most common form of arthritis; progressive, degenerative disease that occurs when the protective cartilage at the end of bones wears down; common symptoms are pain and stiffness

closed fracture

bone is broken but no open wound in skin

open fracture

bone breaks through skin

comminuted fracture

bone is crushed into several pieces

impacted fracture

broken ends of a bone are forced into one another

incomplete fracture

line of fracture does not include the whole bone

greenstick fracture

bone is broken only on one side, most commonly occurs in children because growing bones are soft

Colles fracture

distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand

muscular distrophy

a group of 30+ inherited diseases that cause progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass

sarcomas

general term for malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system

osteosarcoma

bone tumor; develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs

bunion (hallux valgus)

deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel

claudication

lameness, limping

ganglion cyst

fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet

gout

joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space

herniated disk (also called slipped disc or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP))

rupture of vertebral disk center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs

hypotonia

loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching

myasthenia gravis

chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs

osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone, and the bone marrow and soft tissue that surrounds the bone

osteoporosis

loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen in postmenopausal women

osteopenia

softening of bone; first stage of osteoporosis

phantom limb

perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists

rickets

form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also known as rachitis

spinal curvatures

any persistent, abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature

scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left; also called C-shaped curvature

kyphosis

abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine; also called humpback or hunchback

lordosis

abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the spine; also called swayback

spondylolisthesis

degenerative condition that causes slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

spondylosis

general term for the degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues

sprain

overstretching or tearing of ligaments

strain

overstretching or tearing or muscle or tendon

subluxation

partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae

arthrography

series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint

bone density test (bone densitometry)

noninvasive procedure that uses low energy x-rays absorption to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and usually measure bones of the spine, hip, and forearm; also called dual energy x-ray absorption (DEXA)

myelography

radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral discs, or other lesions

amputation

partial or complete removal of an extremity as a result of disease, trauma, or circulatory disorder