Motivation and Emotion

Abraham Maslow is considered the founder of the ______ approach to psychology

Humanistic

Many psychologists followed ______ in studying mental disorders

Freud

When studying mental disorders, Maslow focused on:

What constituted positive mental health

Maslow developed his:

Hierarchy of needs

The hierarchy of needs begins with:

Basic physiological and safety needs

The hierarchy of needs ascends to:

Belonging and self-esteem

The top level of the hierarchy of needs is:

Self-actualization

How do individuals reach self-actualization?

By realizing their full potential and achieving harmony and understanding

Stanley Schachter is best known for his:

Two-factor theory of emotions

According to the two-factor theory of emotions, our emotions depend on:

Physical arousal and a cognitive labeling of that arousal

Examples of two-factor theory of emotions:

If you cry after breaking up with your boyfriend, you label your emotion as sadness. If you cry at your sister's graduation, you label your emotion as happiness.

Hans Selye is best known for his study of:

Stress

Selye developed his:

Three-stage general adaptation syndrome

According to the three-stage general adaptation syndrome, stress begins with an:

Alarm reaction

The alarm reaction that stress begins with happens when:

People confront a stress-producing event

How do people confront a stress-producing event?

By mobilizing internal resources

Example of mobilizing internal resources to confront a stress-producing event:

Producing adrenaline

Producing adrenaline helps to:

Bring about the fight-or-flight response

When does the body enter the second stage of resistance in the three-stage general adaptation syndrome?

When the stressor continues even after the alarm reaction in the first stage

The second stage of the three-stage general adaptation syndrome is called:

Resistance

The second stage of resistance is characterized by:

Heightened physiological arousal and a sudden outpouring of hormones

The third stage of the three-stage general adaptation syndrome is called:

Exhaustion

What causes the third stage of exhaustion?

Long-term exposure to the stressor event

The third stage of exhaustion leads to:

Depletion of body’s resources

The depletion of the body’s resources during the third stage of exhaustion leads to:

Physical disorders, vulnerability to illness, and a complete collapse

Alfred Kinsey is renowned for his pioneering research on:

Human sexuality

Alfred Kinsey’s research was:

Controversial

Kinsey's extensive research provides:

Data that is still used as a baseline for modern research

Richard Lazarus is best known for his study of ______

Emotions

Richard Lazarus found that emotions arise when we:

Appraise an event as dangerous or harmless

Example of how emotions arise when we appraise an event as dangerous or harmless:

We could perceive a moving shadow as signaling a threat or as a harmless shadow

Joseph LeDoux is best known for his studies of:

Emotional arousal

What did Joseph LeDoux find about emotional arousal?

That it can occur without conscious awareness

Example of how emotional arousal can occur without conscious awareness:

When the thalamus receives sensory inputs, it sends separate messages to the cortex and amygdala, with the latter immediately activating the body's alarm system on receiving the messages

What happens when the cortex receives messages from the thalamus?

It “thinks” about the stimulus

Paul Ekman is best known for his studies of:

Facial expressions

What did Paul Ekman find about facial expressions?

We all share similar facial expressions for specific emotions

Do different cultures differ in expressing emotions?

Yes

What causes different cultures to differ in expressing emotions?

Display rules

What do display rules do?

Govern how, when, and where to express a specific emotion