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What a buffer solution is made of?
a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.
How the pH of a buffer solution will change upon adding strong acid?
There will be a little decrease in ph.
How the pH of a buffer solution will change upon adding a strong base?
There will be a little increase in ph.
Buffer capacity
the moles of an acid or base necessary to change the pH of a solution by 1
How does the pH change during a strong acid/strong base titration?
the acid and base will react to form a neutral solution (pH of 7)
How does the pH change during a weak acid/strong base titration?
There is a sharp increase in pH at the beginning of the titration, then there is a gradual increase.
What is an acid-base indicator?
A compound that changes color at the end point of a reaction
End point
the conclusion of a chemical reaction
Equivalence point
When the mols of acid is equal to the moles of base
How does the solubility product constant (Ksp) relates to solubility of a slightly soluble ionic compound in water.
The Ksp of a substance is higher the more soluble the substance is
If the Qsp > Ksp, will the solution have precipitate?
Yes, precipitate will form
If the Qsp = Ksp, will the solution have precipitate?
Yes, precipitate will form
If the Qsp < Ksp, will the solution have precipitate?
No, precipitate will not form
How the addition of a common ion changes the molar solubility of a slightly soluble ionic compound?
the solubility of any sparingly soluble salt is almost always decreased by the presence of a soluble salt that contains a common ion.
Spontaneous
proceeds in a certain direction with no external energy needed
Nonspontaneous
Does not react unless external energy is added to it
If a reaction is spontaneous in one direction is spontaneous the other way?
No, it is not.
How is entropy related to freedom of motion?
The more freedom of motion the higher the entropy
How is entropy related to the number of possible microstates?
the greater the number of possible microstates and the higher the entropy
If the temperature increases then entropy…
… increases
List the states of matter from least entropy to most entropy.
Solid, Liquid, Gas
Entropy increases when you dissolve a ---- solvent.
solid or liquid
Entropy decreases when you dissolve a ---- solvent.
gas
True or False:
The larger the atom (of the same physical state) the larger the standard entropy
True
True or False:
The more complex an atom the lower the standard entropy
False
Second Law of Thermodynamics
All real processes occur spontaneously in the direction that increases the entropy of the universe.
Third Law of Thermodynamics
A perfect crystal has zero entropy at absolute zero.
When ΔSuniv > 0, the reaction is…
spontaneous
When ΔSuniv = 0, the reaction is…
at equilibrium
When ΔSuniv < 0, the reaction is…
Nonspontaneous
If a reaction is spontaneous then its Gibbs Free Energy is…
Less than zero (ΔG < 0)
If a reaction is not spontaneous then its Gibbs Free Energy is…
Greater than zero (ΔG > 0)
If a reaction is at equilibrium then its Gibbs Free Energy is…
Equal to zero (ΔG = 0)
If ΔH is positive and ΔS is negative then the reaction is…
never spontaneous
If ΔH is negative and ΔS is positive then the reaction is…
always spontaneous
If both ΔH and ΔS are negative then…
the reaction is only spontaneous at low temperatures
If both ΔH and ΔS are positive then…
the reaction is only spontaneous at high temperatures
Note 
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