Anatomy/ Cell and Chem Cells

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or organism to maintain life.

Atoms

The smallest units of an element that retain the properties of that element.

Molecules

Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.

Electrolytes

Minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in body fluids, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Organic substance

A substance that contains carbon and is commonly associated with living organisms.

Inorganic substance

A substance that generally does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as water and many minerals.

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules that provide a major source of energy for the body.

Fats

Lipids that store energy, help form cell membranes, and provide insulation and protection.

Proteins

Large molecules made of amino acids that perform many functions, including building tissues and enzymes.

Stem cells

Unspecialized cells that can self-renew and divide to develop into several different types of specialized cells.

Progenitor cells

Cells derived from stem cells that are more specialized and have a more limited range of cell types they can develop into.

Adipose

A type of connective tissue that stores energy as fat and helps insulate and protect the body.

Collagen

A strong protein that provides structure and strength to tissues such as skin, bones, and tendons.

Elastin

A protein that allows tissues such as skin, lungs, and blood vessels to stretch and return to their original shape.

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins.

Progression of cell lineage

Stem cell $\rightarrow$ Progenitor cell $\rightarrow$ Specialized cell

Cell differentiation

The process through which an unspecialized cell receives signals that activate specific genes, altering gene expression so it develops specific structures and functions.

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur in a cell or organism to maintain life.

Atoms

The smallest units of an element that retain the properties of that element.

Molecules

Two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.

Electrolytes

Minerals that carry an electrical charge when dissolved in body fluids, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium.

Organic substance

A substance that contains carbon and is commonly associated with living organisms.

Inorganic substance

A substance that generally does not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds, such as water and many minerals.

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules that provide a major source of energy for the body.

Fats

Lipids that store energy, help form cell membranes, and provide insulation and protection.

Proteins

Large molecules made of amino acids that perform many functions, including building tissues and enzymes.

Stem cells

Unspecialized cells that can self-renew and divide to develop into several different types of specialized cells.

Progenitor cells

Cells derived from stem cells that are more specialized and have a more limited range of cell types they can develop into.

Adipose

A type of connective tissue that stores energy as fat and helps insulate and protect the body.

Collagen

A strong protein that provides structure and strength to tissues such as skin, bones, and tendons.

Elastin

A protein that allows tissues such as skin, lungs, and blood vessels to stretch and return to their original shape.

Amino acids

The building blocks of proteins.

Progression of cell lineage

Stem cell $\rightarrow$ Progenitor cell $\rightarrow$ Specialized cell

Cell differentiation

The process through which an unspecialized cell receives signals that activate specific genes, altering gene expression so it develops specific structures and functions.

Ribosomes

Structures that make proteins by connecting amino acids together.

Cell (Plasma) Membrane

Thin outer boundary of the cell that controls what enters and leaves.

Nucleus

Organelle that contains the cell's DNA and controls many cell activities.

Nucleolus

Structure located inside the nucleus that produces ribosomal components needed to make ribosomes.

Microvilli

Tiny finger-like projections that increase surface area for absorption.

Centrosome / Centrioles

Structures that help organize microtubules and play an important role during cell division.

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein fibers that gives the cell shape, support, and organization, and assists with movement.

Golgi Apparatus

Organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for transport.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Membrane network involved in synthesizing and transporting substances; contains rough (protein synthesis) and smooth (lipid synthesis and detoxification) regions.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that break down fatty acids and help detoxify harmful substances using enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$).

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce most of the cell's usable energy in the form of $ATP$ through cellular respiration.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste, damaged cell parts, and foreign materials.