A + P topic 1

Quads

rectus femoris

sartorius

vastus medialis

astus lateralis

Hamstrings

bicep femori

semitendinosus

semimembranosus

rotator cuff

infraspinatus

supraspinatus

subscapularis

teres minor

concentric

shortens under tensions

eccentric

lengthening under tension / weight / gravity

isometric

length stays the same

axial skeleton

the central part of the skeleton

appendicular skeleton

the bones of the upper and lower limbs

sesamoid bones

ease joint movement and resist compression, embedded within muscle/tendon

flat bones

protect internal organs - muscle attachment

long bones

act as levers for movement

short bones

weight bearing

irregular bones

specifically formed for a specific function

pivot joint

round bone meets ring shaped bone

hinge joint

cylinder shaped bone meets trough shaped bone

gliding joint

two flat bones meet, can glide past each other

ball and socket joint

ball shaped head meets cup shaped socket

condyloid joint

imilar to ball and socket, with flatter bone surfaces to allow motion in 2 planes

hip flexors

iliopsoas

glutes

gluteus maximus

gluteus minimus

gluteus medius

medial rotation

the movement of a body part, or limb, rotating towards the midline of the body

lateral rotation

where a bone or limb rotates away from the body's midline

deltoids

anterior deltoid

posterior deltoid

motor unit

motor neuron + muscle cells it stimulates

action potential step 1

nerve impulse initiated into motor neuron

action potential step 2

nerve impulse conducted down axon by a nerve action potential in synaptic cells

action potential step 3

neurotransmitter called acetylcholine is secreted into synaptic cleft

action potential step 4

if electrical charge is above a certain threshold muscle will contract

all or none law

A muscle fibre cannot partially contract, it either fully contracts or doesn’t contract at all

recruitment

stimulation of additional motor units for increased strength 

 

type 1 

slow oxidative

type 2a

fast oxidative glycolytic

type 2b

fast glycolytic

type 1 neuron size

small - low speed and contraction size

type 1 fibres per neuron

few- low speed and contraction size

type 1 capillary density

high- high oxygen supply for aerobic respiration

type 1 mitochondria density

high - site of aerobic respiration

type 1 phosphocreatine store

low - dont carry out anaerobic respiration

type 1 myoglobin content

high - high resistance to fatigue as oxygen stored

type 2a neuron size

large - medium force production for powerful movements

type 2a fibres per neuron

many - fast contraction time

type 2a capillary density

moderate-provides oxygen for aerobic respiration

type 2a mitochondria density 

moderate - used for strength and endurance so require aerobic and anaerobic

type 2a phosphocreatine

high - fuels explosive contractions for first seconds before respiration

type 2a myoglobin

moderate - to fuel aerobic respiration

type 2b neuron size

large - high force production

type 2b fibres per neuron

many- fastest contraction time

type 2b capillary density

low - little oxygen required due to anaerobic respiration

type 2b mitochondria density

low - low resistance to fatigue and do not require oxygen

type 2b phosphocreatine store

high - provides an immediate phosphate source to regenerate ATP

type 2b myoglobin content

low - low oxidative capacity , do not require energy so doesnt need to be stored

type 1 recovery

slow oxidative fibres can recover quickly due to intermittent contractions

type 2b recovery

type 2b take longer to recover due to muscle tears - DOMS felt 24-48 hours after exercise

muscle recruitment aerobic

starts with type 1 + uses type 2a if necessary

muscle recruitment anaerobic

require higher force production so recruit in size order.