Introduction to Biology - Chapter 18 & 20 (Ecology & Biodiversity)

Organism

A living thing

Population

group of similar species of an organism living in same place & time

Community

all populations that occupy the same region

Ecosystems

living & nonliving components of an area

Biosphere

global ecosystem; parts of planet & atmosphere

Coral reef

underwater ecosystem, characterized by reef building corals

Greatest biodiversity of any marine ecosystem on the planet

coral reef

HUMAN threats to coral reef

storms, over-fishing & tourism

WATER threats to coral reef

turbidity, fertilizer run-off, crown of thorns starfish

High CO2 oceans threats to coral reef

ocean acidification & warming oceans

Population Density

number of species members in an area in a particular habitat

Population Density Increase

Births & Migration

Population Density Decrease

Deaths, Environmental phenomenon (floods & fire), Hunting, Fishing

Population Density Deaths

disease/illness, normal aging, crime, accidents, predatory actions

Habitat

Physical location where members of population lives

Quantitative

has a definite numerical value; how many

Qaulitative

a value that answers the question an indeterminate value; yes or no

Quadrats

square frames used for sampling purposes

Life Table

an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population

Type 1 (survivorship curve) organisms

Humans and large vertebrates

Type 1 (survivorship curve) characteristic

reaches highest death rate as species reach maximum life expectancy

Type 2 (survivorship curve) organisms

birds & small mammals

Type 2 (survivorship curve) characteristic

constant death rate; die at any age

Type 3 (survivorship curve) organisms

fish, invertebrates, & plants

Type 3 (survivorship curve) characteristics

produce many offspring; most die young

Reproductive Strategy Patterns

opportunistic life history & equilibrium life history

Opportunistic Life History characteristics

High reproduction rate, many offspring

Equilibrium Life History characteristics

Low reproduction rate, few offspring

Exponential Growth (population)

number of new individuals is proportional to population size: new habitat, no predators

Logistic Growth (population)

limited by available resources & impacted by predation

Habitat Destruction Methods (Human Activity)

Deforestation & Industrialization

Health Disparities

Education, Health/Health Care, Economic Stability

Ecological Footprint

human demand on nature, measures renewable and nonrenewable resources used

Carbon Footprint

amount of greenhouses gases produced by OUR actions

Biodiversity

variety of life on earth

Extinction

last of a species is perished

Endangered species

in danger of extinction in near future

Vulnerable species

in danger of extinction in distant future

Pollution

any chemical, physical, or biological change in environment that harms living organisms

Eutrophication

excessive nutrient enrichment of water, leading to algae bloom

Eutrophication is caused by...

waste & fertilizer runoff in water

Ozone types

Tropospheric & Stratospheric

Tropospheric Ozone

bad ozone; ground level

Stratospheric

good ozone; protects against UV radiation

1. (a). Define organism, population and community

Organism:

A single living individual

1. (b). Define organism, population and community

Population:

A group of organisms of the same species in a specific area

1. (c). Define organism, population and community

Community:

All interacting populations in an ecosystem

2. (a). List three factors that can effect population density

Birth rate vs. death rate

2. (b.) List three factors that can effect population density

Immigration vs. Emigration

3. (c). List three factors that can effect population density

Availability of resources

3. (a). Describe the characteristics of Type I and Type III survivorship curves

Type I:

High survival of young, most deaths occur in old age

3. (b). Describe the characteristics of Type I and Type III survivorship curves

Type III:

High mortality in young, few survive to adulthood

4. What is ecological footprint?

human demand on nature, measures renewable and nonrenewable resources used

5. What is carbon footprint?

amount of greenhouses gases produced by OUR actions

6. List two or three ways by which habitats can be destroyed

Deforestation, Pollution & Industrialization

7. (a). What is eutrophication, and how is it caused?

excessive nutrient enrichment of water, causing algae blooms

7. (b). What is eutrophication, and how is it caused?

Agricultural/fertilizer runoff

8. (a). Define the two types of ozone

Stratospheric ozone: "Good" ozone layer absorbing UV radiation

8. (b). Define the two types of ozone

Tropospheric ozone: "Bad" ground-level ozone, a harmful pollutant from vehicle emissions/smog.

9. (a) Define extinct, endangered and vulnerable species

Extinct: No remaining individuals

9 (b). Define extinct, endangered and vulnerable species

Endangered: At very high risk of extinction

9 (c). Define extinct, endangered and vulnerable species

Vulnerable: At high risk of becoming endangered