population health determinant exam two

JMU HTH 231 Jordan McCann

what is socioeconomic status (SES)?

made up of one’s income, education, and occupation

how does employment impact health?

provides stable income, social status, personal identity, social support, and skills

how does unemployment impact health? (3)

a) proximal – individual effects, like loss of income and high stress

b) intermediate – family level effects, such as separation or re-location

c) distal – contextual effects of living in a community where unemployment is rising and may lead to deterioration of neighborhoods or decrease in public service

what are some working conditions that negatively affect health?

unsafe environment, task allocation, shift assignment, unfair compensation, lack of respect/harassment

what is maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

bottom —> top

physiological, safety, love & belonging, esteem, self-actualization

what is a food desert?

areas that lack access to affordable foods that make up a healthy diet

what is food insecurity?

inability to access or consume a quality adequate diet or sufficient quantity of food

what are some initiatives to improve healthy eating patterns?

product labeling, “fat” tax, regulations, health & food policy, and community action/advocacy

what are the determinants that make up social environments?

broadly – safety, violence, social disorder

specifically – type, quality, and stability or social connections

what are the determinants that make up physical environments?

natural components - air, climate, water, soil, land formation

what are potential causes of being unhoused? (6)

housing (and lack thereof), poverty from unemployment and lack of available public assistance, poor health & lack of affordable health care, domestic violence, substance use & addiction, and mental health concerns

how can being unhoused affect health? (4)

exposure to elements, violence, poor health, trafficking

what is considered “good” housing? (5)

good ventilation, good heating and cooling, low density occupancy, proper food storage, and adequate toilets and washing facilities

what is considered “bad” housing? (7)

poor ventilation (wood/coal burning), inadequate heating/cooling, high humidity, overcrowding, low income and standards, improper food storage, and lead paint & asbestos

what is the relationship between neighborhood and health?

access to services and amenities can promote/inhibit the level of social cohesion

what are adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)? (3)

1) abuse – physical, sexual or emotional abuse

2) neglect – physical, emotional, or medical neglect

3) household dysfunction – witnessing DV or within the community, having a parent with a mental illness or substance abuse disorder, experiencing separation/divorce, parent in jail or prison

what is residential segregation?

established correlation between neighborhood, race, and socioeconomic composition and

various health-related neighborhood resources

what is deprivation amplification?

direct relationship between opportunities a community has to offer and the income and education of its residents

what is built environment - and how does it affect health?

presence of (and proximity to) health-relevant resources as well as to aspects of the

ways in which neighborhoods are designed and built - affects physical activity

what is empathy?

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

what is sympathy?

a feeling of concern or compassion for another person's suffering

what are the three levels regarding intervention of care? (3)

a) primary - public health, preventative

b) secondary - clinical services

c) tertiary - hospitals, referral

what are the characteristics of US health systems? (2)

a) highly fragmented

b) local health departments - different resources/authorities (not central)

what are barriers to US healthcare accessibility? (4)

a) inadequate health insurance coverage/affordability

b) inadequate number of physicians 

c) weak primary care system 

d) access to healthcare facilties

what is medicare?

insurance program for primarily those over 65 years old and younger individuals with disabilities - funded by US treasury and taxes - same throughout the US

what is medicaid?

assistance program for individuals (all ages) of low-income - paid for by federal gov’t and state (coverage varies)

what is healthy literacy?

the degree to which individuals have the ability to find, understand, and use information and services to inform health-related decisions and actions for themselves and others

what elements contribute to the definition of culture? (6)

social organization, customs and traditions, arts & literature, religion, government, and economic systems

what is the purnell model?

a framework used to enhance cross-cultural understanding, especially in healthcare, by analyzing a patient's background through 12 cultural domains

what are ways to be inclusive and culturally competent?

be approachable, keep an open mind, act with respect, be aware of personal biases, and etc

what populations are vulnerable when it comes to receiving inadequate healthcare? (11)

economically disadvantaged, racial/ethnic minorities, un/underinsured, older adults, children, homeless/displaced, undocumented immigrants, LGBTQ+ community, stigmatized population

(substance users), chronic health or severe mental health issues, and rural populations

what is implicit bias?

the unconscious attitudes, stereotypes, and judgments that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions toward people or groups without our deliberate awareness

what is explicit bias?

the attitudes, beliefs, or feelings toward a person or group that an individual is consciously aware of and can control or openly express

what are some basic strategies for improving population health? (6)

narrowing the spread of risk curve, population health communication, population-based behavioral change, health policy interventions, screening, and eradication efforts

what is health communication?

strategies to inform and influence people's health choices through various channels, including patient-provider interactions, public health campaigns, and mass media

what is the transtheoretical model?

model describing the stages of change that occur when modifying a health behavior:

a) precontemplation

b) contemplation

c) preparation

d) action

e) maintenance

how do policies play a role in population health? (3)

FDA regulations and approval, subsidies for tobacco farmers, and local/state bans on vaping/smoking

what are the guidelines for health screenings? (4)

1) the disease produces substantial death and/or disability 

2) early detection is possible and improves outcome

3) there is a feasible testing strategy for screening

4) screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient acceptance

what is the criteria for eradication? (7)

a) no animal reservoir

b) short persistence in environment

c) absence of a long-term carrier state

d) disease/vaccine provides long-term immunity

e) herd immunity protects those who are susceptible

f) early identified disease

g) effective post0exposure vaccinations