PT 535: Cognitive and Social Development for Children Ages 2-5

what are the 5 developmental domains?

communication

adaptive

social/emotional

cogntive

motor

norms in gait speed exist for Kindergarten and up. why not preschool?

not reliable for preschool because they rarely ambulate independently of their parents

Kindergarteners often have a little bit of freedom

what is the normal gait speed for 5 years of age (Kindergarten)?

1.13 m/s

early ___ development is strongly inter-related to motor development

cognitive

what are the different theories of childhood development?

maturational

cognitive

behavioral

psychodynamic/psychoanalytic

ecological/contextual

what is the gist of the maturational theory?

development is:

- tied to the CNS

- flows at set invariant sequence

- cephal-caudal/proximal to distal

what is the gist of the cognitive theory?

thinking developing in stages of increasingly complexity

children organize mental schemes through use of mental oprations

what is the gist of the behavioral theory?

behavior is shaped by the environment

stimulus, response, and consequence constitutes a contingency of behavior

consequences influence future behavior

what is the gist of the psychodynamic/psychoanalytical theory?

biological determined drives and unconscious conflicts

core of the conflicts is sexual

initial drives are for survival - once basic needs are met we seek self-actualization

what is the gist of the ecological/contextual theory?

the environment is the primary influence on the child

what is the dynamic systems?

movement emerges based on the internal milieu, the external environment and the task

movement is not directed by one system, but by many dynamic, interacting systems

what are the components of pre-operational thought?

reversibility

centration

conservation

animism

what is reversibility?

typically easier to go one way before the other

ex: kid walks to school everyday, but could not figure out how to walk back

Definition:

The ability to mentally reverse an action or sequence. Children in the pre-operational stage typically cannot do this consistently.

Example:

A child may not understand that if blocks are stacked and then unstacked, the same number of blocks remains.

what is centration?

ability to focus on one thing at a time

ex: telling a kid they are bad for picking their nose, and then them thinking everything they do is bad and they are horrible

Definition:

The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others.

Example:

A child may think a taller cup has more juice even when the amount is the same.

what is conservation?

unable to differentiate size from quantity

- think a tall person is always older than a shorter person

Definition:

Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or appearance.

Example:

A child may think spreading coins farther apart means there are more coins.

what is animism?

thinking everything in the world is alive

- the table "ran" into me

- this concept can be good and bad

Definition:

The belief that objects have thoughts, feelings, or life-like qualities.

Example:

A child may think a therapy ball is "sad" if left alone.

define transdisciplinary

an approach that integrates knowledge, theories, and methods across multiple academic disciplines and non-academic sectors to solve complex, real-world problems

define multidisciplinary

combining or involving multiple separate disciplines, fields of study, or areas of expertise

in early intervention we are should more towards ___disciplinary

trans

early intervention is a _____ mandated, state funded and county implemented program

federally

a child must transition from early intervention into the school age program between what ages?

2 years 9 months and 3 years 3 months

for standards and procedures for evaluation, evaluation reimbursement, and eligibility requirements and determination, different states have different commonalities, what do these include?

diagnosed physical and mental conditions with a high probability of resulting on developmental delay

scores on norm referenced testing below the state set cut off score for eligibility

clinical judgement

what is a CPSE?

committee on preschool special education

what is a SEIT?

special education itinerant services

which groups of children qualify for early intervention clinical practice in NYS?

communication disorders

down syndrome

autism/pervasive developmental disorders

motor disorders

hearing loss

vision impairment

what are the stages/types of play?

cooperative

association

parallel

solitary?

what age and what is solitary play?

Approximate Age: Birth-2 years

Description:

The child plays alone and focuses on their own activity without much interaction.

Examples:

Exploring toys independently

Repetitive sensorimotor play

what age and what is parallel play?

Approximate Age: 2-3 years

Description:

Children play beside other children but not directly with them.

Examples:

Two children stacking blocks separately

Mimicking another child's actions

what age and what is associative play?

Approximate Age: 3-4 years

Description:

Children begin interacting and sharing materials but play is not fully organized.

Examples:

Sharing toys

Brief cooperation

Talking during play

building legos next to each other and sharing legos but NOT working together

what age and what is cooperative play?

Approximate Age: 4+ years

Description:

Children play together with organized roles, rules, and shared goals.

Examples:

Team games

Pretend play with assigned roles

kids share a common goal

how do kids learn?

positive suggestions guide children

children learn by using basic materials

children learn with support

children learn from their peers

children are good observers

children respond well to open-ended questions

children are researchers

children benefit from positive models

what are the different service delivery methods?

individual pull out

small group pull out

1 on 1 in classroom

group activity

individual during routine

consultation

what is the location, therapy focus, peers, context, and initiator of individual pull out method?

therapy room

children function

not present

different from peers

specialist

what is the location, therapy focus, peers, context, and initiator of small group pull out method?

therapy room, child function, 1-6 children, different from class, specialist

what is the location, therapy focus, peers, context, and initiator of 1 on 1 in classroom method?

classroom-away from peers

child function

not involved

different from class

specialist

what is the location, therapy focus, peers, context, and initiator of group activity method?

classroom - small or large group

peer interaction

all or some of peers present

within the context of class

specialist

what is the location, therapy focus, peers, context, and initiator of individual during routine method?

classroom - wherever the child is

directly (not exclusively) on the child

all peers present

within context of class

child

what is the location, therapy focus, peers, context, and initiator of consultation method?

in or out of the classroom

teacher as it related to the child

varies

varies

teacher of the specialist

what are the pros of integrating therapy into the classroom?

actively receiving help

in environment with other typical kids

inherit ability to be able to adapt

the have a right to be there

what are the cons of integrating therapy into the classroom?

distraction from other kids

therapist distracting other kids

overwhelming

schedule could be different everyday

might be too hard

what do we need to know about the curriculum? why?

we need to know what the teachers are doing and trying to achieve if you are going to be in the classroom or taking children out of the classroom

in most states all goals in the IEP must be educationally relevant