ethical character or way of being and behavior; Harmonia in music reflects and can influence harmonia in other realms, such as the human soul
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Harmonia
the unification of parts in an orderly whole, encompassing mathematical proportions, philosophical ideas, and even the structure of society - connected to musical intervals, scale types, or melody styles.
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tetrachord
a series of four notes that span a perfect fourth
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Boethius
Most revered authority on music in the Middle Ages Wrote de institutione musica, copied for the next 1000 years Believed music had an influence on character and education, music acted primarily as an object of knowledge
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Musica enchiriadis
music theory treatise describing the 8 modes, and has exercises for locating semitones and explains consonance and polyphony
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final
main note in a mode, the normal closing note of a chant in that mode
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range
a span of notes as in the range of a melody or of a mode
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reciting tone
the second most important note in a mode, often emphasized in chant and used for reciting text in a psalm tone
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solmization
A method of assigning syllables to STEPS in a SCALE, used to make it easier to identify and sing the WHOLE TONES and SEMITONES in a MELODY.
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psalm tones
the formulas for chanting psalms and the oldest chants of the liturgy designed to fit any psalm One for each church mode 5 parts: intonation recitation semicadence continued recitation termination
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Hildegard von Bingen
Abbess of a convent in Germany who composed original plainchants; had visions from God Primarily antiphons and responsories for the Office and sequences for mass Most surviving chants of any other Middle Ages composer
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Minnesinger
modeled from troubadours 12-14th century sang love songs with a slight religious tinge some are written in church modes and others sound like major scales most likely in triple meter and were organized through phrase repetition
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cantiga
songs in Galician-Portuguese in honor of the Virgin Mary prepared in 1270-90 preserved in 4 manuscripts
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clausula
a section in discant style (basically a phrase); tend to have more consonance and short phrasing Perotinus wrote many tenor repeats a rhythmic motive based on a rhythmic mode
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Leoninus
study and work at the Cathedral of Notre Dame Wrote the Magnus Liber Organi
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Guillame de Machaut
Leading composer and poet of the Ars Nova Compiled own complete works and several manuscripts Used isorhythm in his music
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Squarcialupi Codex
Source for Italian Trecento polyphony contains hundreds of pieces for 2-3 voices
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isorhythm
equal rhythm segments of identical rhythm, which can recur multiple times in one piece. Includes the Talea/color.
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Ars Nova
style of polyphony from 14th century France, distinguished from earlier styles by a new system of rhythmic notation that allowed duple or triple division of note values, syncopation, and great rhythmic flexibility.
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Gradual
tend to be the most melismatic and virtuosic, musical peak and most reflective parts responsorial with choir and soloist
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madrigal
secular Italian compositions that are idyllic, pastoral, satirical, or love poems set for two voices
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Guido of Arezzo
developed a tool for learning notes by assigning them to certain knuckles on the hand wrote the Micrologus pushed towards solmization used hexachords
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Philippe de Vitry
wrote the treatise Ars Nova Possibly wrote five motets from Roman De Fauvel works contained early isorhythm
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troubadour
A medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love most artful and refined at the time
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trope
expanded existing chants by adding new words and music, expanding the melody through melisma, or text added to existing melismas
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ballade
inherited from trouveres, 3-4 stanzas, sang strophically, ending with the same line of poetry, which serves as a refrain
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virelai
refrain, stanza, refrain; typically three stanzas, with refrains linking them
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Trecento
1300s references Italian art, literature in music THE PEOPLE SCHISM FROM CHURCH MUSIC BECOMES SECULAR Songs become form fix: caccia, ballata and rondeau. Madrigal becomes secular song- focuses on pastoral (nature)
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organum
one of several styles of early polyphony from the ninth through thirteenth centuries, involving the addition of one or more voices to an existing chant
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Mass Proper
The prayers with texts that change depending on the church calendar. The prayers are the Introit, Gradual, Alleluia, Offertory
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Mass Ordinary
Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Agnus Dei Performed every week
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office
A series of eight prayer services of the Roman church, celebrated daily at specified times, especially in monasteries and convents; also, any one of those services.
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antiphon
(1) A LITURGICAL CHANT that precedes and follows a PSALM or CANTICLE in the OFFICE. (2) In the MASS, a chant originally associated with ANTIPHONAL PSALMODY; specifically, the COMMUNION and the first and final portion of the INTROIT.
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responsorial style
- a method of performance - solo voice alternates with chorus - solo passages referred to as "verse" - chorus passages referred to as "respond" - Haec dies (Chant)
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epic
A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds Often recited in the earliest forms of music
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Perotinus
studied and worked at the Cathedral of Notre Dame Wrote many clausulae
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Papal Schism
division of the Church, time during two popes claiming legitimacy and it forced Europe to pick sides showed the corrupt side of the clergy
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Roman de Fauvel
A narrative poem satirizing political corruption both secular and ecclesiastical, apparently written as a warning to the king of France and enjoyed in political circles and at court. manuscript contains 169 pieces of music pieces of music that are interwoven into the story, mostly monophonic, 34 motets that embody Ars Nova Style
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caccia
Italian song that is in canon, and set to lively and graphic words. Based off of the french chance, and shows a hunt, where one voice pursues another usually has a free, untexted tenor in slower motion
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Sequence
Example: Dies Irae. Melodies composed syllabically and are secular.
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Liturgical Drama
Ritual play performed on holy days, composed anon most of the time, Hildegard von Bingen, the Easter Mass
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Epitaph of Seikilos
Anon Genre: Antiquity, Ancient Greece
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Puer natus est nobis
Anon Genre: Monophonic Plainchant mass
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Viderunt omnes (gradual)
Anon Genre: Monophonic Plainchant mass
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Dies Irae
Thomas of Celano Genre: Sequence
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In principo omnes
Hildegard von Bingen Genre: Liturgical
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Can vei la lauzeta mover
Bernart de Ventadorn Genre: Troubador Chancson (song)
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A chantar
Comtessa de Dia Genre: Troubador Chancson (song)
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Non sofre Santa Maria
Anon Genre: Cantiga
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Jubilemus, exultemus
Anon Genre: Polyphonic organimus
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Viderunt omnes (the bad one)
Leoninus Genre: Polyphonic mass
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Viderunt omnes (the good one)
Perotinus Genre: Polyphonic mass
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De ma dame vient
Adam de la Halle Genre: Motet
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Cum Statua
Philippe de Vitry Genre: Motet
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La Messe de Notre Dame: Kyrie
Guillaume de Machaut Genre: Polyphonic mass ordinary