CPL 1 Exam

Overview of planning profession

• deals with new growth

• emphasizes equality, access, empowerment, diversity

• provides vision of where the community would like to be in the future and helps us get there

• planning for new growth and development and change

Conservation

• open space

• farmland 

• wooded areas

• natural resources

• energy 

Preservation

• Historic buildings

• landmarks

• historic neighborhoods and districts

Geographical levels of planning

• municipal

• statewide

• regional

• national

Municipal planning

• mostly done at this level 

• RI has 39, each does own planning

Statewide planning

office of statewide planning - in providence 

agency responsible for planning state of RI

Regional planning

• significantly larger than any individual city or town

• used to address problems that go beyond political boundaries of one community 

  • environment 

  • housing 

  • transportation

Regional planning examples in RI

• Aquidneck Island Planning Commission 

• Washington County Regional Planning Council 

National planning and agencies

• federal level 

• US Dept of Housing and Urban Development 

• US Environmental Protection Agency 

• US Dept of Transportation

Planning in practice in RI

Municipal, Statewide, Regional

Major forces behind rapid urban growth in the 19th century

• NATURAL POPULATION INCREASE in urban areas

• INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY in rural areas forces many workers to MOVE TO CITIES to work in industries

• EMERGENCE OF INDUSTRIES AND FACTORY PRODUCTION in urban areas required massive labor force

• LOW COST TRANSPORTATION made it EASIER TO MOVE from rural areas to urban areas

  • railroad and steamboat tech in 1830s

Urban conditions and problems in 19th century

• Large number of people living in a rather limited area within each city in US

• Limited transportation alternatives and cost required that manufacturing industries to be clustered, particularly in port cities and/or near railroad terminals

• Most people had to walk to work, concentration of residences 

• Overcrowding and population density had environmental _______

• Absence of running water, modern sanitation or sewage disposal

  • Created environmental and health problems

• Urban areas were dense, compact, and walkable

  • Increased density resulted in overcrowding in urban areas

FIRST great period of SUBURBANIZATION in 1920s

• congestion and overcrowding in cities encourages 

• suburbs became destination for those living in cities

Major reasons behind SUBURBANIZATION in 1920s

• Improvement in transportation tech 

  • first cars in 1890s, mass production in 1930s

• Appearance of telephones 

• invention of limited access highway in 1920s

  • first one: bronx river parkway in Westchester County, NY 1926

Major factors for SUBURBANIZATION AFTER WWII

• rising income levels 

• increased auto ownership 

• expansion of national highway system 

• availability of housing mortgage finance at attractive terms

• improvement in electronic communication

• preference of single family housing in suburbs

Factors affecting human population size in a community, a state and the nation

• birth rates 

• death rates 

• migration 

Birth rates

number of live births per 1000 persons in a population in a given year

Death rates

Number of deaths per 1000 persons in a population in a given year

Migration

rate of population change for a specific geographic area is also affected by movement of people into (in-migration) and out (out-migration) of area

Total fertility rate

estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

Replacement level fertility rate

the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves

2.1

life expectancy rate

the average number of years a newborn infant can be expected to live

infant mortality rate

the number of babies out of every 1000 born each year that die before their 1st birthday

2 indicators of overall population health

• life expectancy rate

• infant mortality rate

population change equation

population change = [births + inmigration] - [deaths + outmigration]

population age structure or pyramid

shows the age distribution and the percentage of the population (male and female) for each age cohort

Current population of US

342 million

Current population of RI

1.08-09 million

Major characteristics of US Population

• GROWING 

• AGING 

  • people having less babies 

• continues to DIVERSIFY, led by growth of Hispanic origin population 

• SHIFTING TO SOUTH AND WEST

  • leaving North and Northeast 

  • midsection continues to empty out 

• Persistent differences exist in household incomes among racial/ethnic groups

• increasing levels of poverty 

• racial minorities have highly disproportionate high poverty rates

Major reforms of the MID-19th century

• sanitary reform 

  • mid 19th century - most cities lacked running water, waste disposal, etc

• urban open space reform 

  • new york was leading city 

• housing reform 

  • nyc first legislation regulating housing construction passed in 1867 

  • sets standards for number of bathrooms, dimensions of courtyards, etc

• municipal improvement reform 

  • tree plantings, paved streets and sidewalks, provision of recreational facilities

Major movements of the LATE 19th century

• municipal art movement

• city beautiful movement 

City beautiful movement

• emphasized civic improvements and landscape design focused on:

  • civic buildings 

    • city hall, courthouse, public library, museum 

  • public spaces 

    • city squares, plazas and parks 

  • parkways and boulevards

• opened the door to a new phase of planning in US

  • comprehensive planning 

    • comprehensive plan for chicago in 1909

    • first comprehensive zoning to allow local government to have control over privately owned land

Birth of modern city planning and its components in early 20th century 

• master plan or comprehensive plan 

• city planning commision 

• zoning ordinance 

planning activities (functional areas of planning) since WWII

• expansion of municipal community planning given the improving conditions of the economy 

• highway planning 

• urban renewal in the 1960s

• social planning and public participation in response to problems of “urban renewal program” in 1960s

• emergence of environmental planning in 1960s

• beginning of “growth control and management initiative” in 1960s

• planning for smart growths

• planning for public safety 

• planning for natural disasters 

• 10 different area since 1960s 

highway planning 

building the interstate highway system (~4000 mi) mostly in 1960s and 1970s

opened door to massive wave of suburbanization of people and jobs, increased auto ownership 

urban renewal in the 1960s

• slum clearance, housing program and new commercial development

• accomplished a lot but with high human costs in form of neighborhood disruption and forced relocation of households

planning for smart growths

suburbanization and sprawl with their problems required a new emphasis on:

• infill development

• high density and compact development

• mixed use and transit-oriented development

• preservation of open space