BIOL 1407 Lecture Exam 3

Nonvascular Plants

Plants lacking specialized vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) for transporting water and nutrients; examples include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Vascular Plants

Plants possessing specialized vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) for the transport of water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant body; includes ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Megaspore

A larger spore produced by heterosporous plants that develops into a female gametophyte (megagametophyte).

Microspore

A smaller spore produced by heterosporous plants that develops into a male gametophyte (microgametophyte).

Megasporangium

A plant structure that produces megaspores.

Microsporangium

A plant structure that produces microspores.

Euphiphyte (True Leaf)

A leaf with branching vascular tissue.

Lycophytes

A group of seedless vascular plants that includes mosses, clubmosses, spike mosses, and quillworts.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots.

Phloem

Vascular tissue that transports sugars (produced during photosynthesis) throughout the plant.

Stomata

Small pores on the surface of plant leaves and stems that regulate gas exchange (carbon dioxide uptake and oxygen/water vapor release).

Gametangia

Structures in plants where gametes (sperm and eggs) are produced; includes antheridia (male) and archegonia (female).

Gametes

Haploid reproductive cells (sperm or egg) that fuse during fertilization to form a zygote.

Spores

Haploid reproductive cells produced by meiosis in the sporophyte generation of plants; can develop into a gametophyte.

Sporangia

Structures in plants where spores are produced through meiosis.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.

Gametophyte

The haploid (n) generation in the life cycle of plants that produces gametes.

Sporophyte

The diploid (2n) generation in the life cycle of plants that produces spores through meiosis.

Strobus

A cone-like structure found in some seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms, consisting of sporangium-bearing leaves (sporophylls).

Angiosperms

Flowering plants, characterized by having seeds enclosed within fruits.

Gymnosperms

Seed plants that do not produce flowers or fruits; their seeds are typically borne in cones.

Monocots (Monocotyledons)

A class of angiosperms characterized by having one cotyledon (seed leaf) in their embryo, as well as other features like parallel leaf venation and flower parts in multiples of three.

Dicots (Dicotyledons)

A class of angiosperms characterized by having two cotyledons (seed leaves) in their embryo, as well as other features like net-like leaf venation and flower parts in multiples of four or five.

Cotyledon

A seed leaf; the first leaf or leaves produced by an embryo of a flowering plant.

Fruit (Botanical)

A mature ovary of a flowering plant that contains the seeds.

Simple Fruit

A fruit that develops from a single ovary of a single flower.

Aggregate Fruit

A fruit that develops from multiple separate carpels of a single flower (e.g., raspberries).

Multiple Fruit

A fruit that develops from the ovaries of multiple flowers tightly clustered together (e.g., pineapple).

Co-evolution

The process where two or more species reciprocally affect each other's evolution.

Ovary (Flower)

The enlarged basal portion of the pistil in a flower that develops into the fruit.

Ovule

A structure within the ovary of a flower that contains the female gametophyte and has the potential to develop into a seed after fertilization.

Stigma (Flower)

The receptive tip of a pistil in the flower, responsible for receiving pollen.

Pistil

The female reproductive part of a flower, typically consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary (can be composed of one or more carpels).

Style

The stalk of a pistil connecting the stigma to the ovary.

Sepal

One of the outermost whorls of floral leaves, typically green and enclosing the petals.

Petal

One of the whorls of floral leaves located inside the sepals, often brightly colored to attract pollinators.

Primary Growth

Growth in length of a plant, occurring at apical meristems (shoot and root tips).

Secondary Growth

Growth in the diameter or thickness of a plant, occurring at lateral meristems (vascular cambium and cork cambium).

Lateral Root

A root that branches off from the primary root.

Root Cap

A protective layer of cells covering the apical meristem of a root.

Zone of Cell Division

The region of actively dividing cells at the tip of a root, containing the apical meristem.

Zone of Elongation

The region behind the zone of cell division where newly formed cells increase in length, pushing the root tip further into the soil.

Zone of Cell Maturation

The region behind the zone of elongation where cells differentiate and become specialized tissues.

Epidermis (Plant)

The outermost protective layer of cells of a plant.

Fern Life Cycle

The life cycle of a fern, characterized by a dominant sporophyte generation and a separate, small gametophyte generation that requires moist conditions for fertilization.

Flagellate Sperm

Sperm cells that possess flagella (whip-like structures) enabling them to swim, requiring water to reach the egg in some plant groups like nonvascular plants and ferns.

Cladogram

A branching diagram that illustrates the evolutionary relationships among different taxa.

Angiosperm Life Cycle

The life cycle of flowering plants, characterized by a dominant sporophyte generation, the production of flowers and fruits, and double fertilization.

Gymnosperm Life Cycle

The life cycle of non-flowering seed plants, characterized by a dominant sporophyte generation and the production of 'naked' seeds (not enclosed in fruits), often borne in cones.

Pollen Grain

A microspore containing the male gametophyte of a seed plant.

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part) of a flower.

Fertilization (Plant)

The fusion of the male gamete (sperm from the pollen grain) with the female gamete (egg in the ovule) to form a zygote.

Pollen Tube

A tubular structure produced by a pollen grain when it germinates on the stigma, which grows down through the style to the ovule and delivers the sperm cells.

Proboscis

An elongated mouthpart, often found in insects, used for feeding (e.g., sucking nectar from flowers).

Dermal Tissue System

The outer protective layer of a plant, consisting of the epidermis and periderm (in woody plants).

Ground Tissue System

Plant tissues that are neither vascular nor dermal, including parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, involved in various functions like storage, support, and photosynthesis.

Vascular Tissue System

The tissues responsible for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant, consisting of xylem and phloem.

Epidermis (Stem/Root)

The outermost layer of cells in the primary growth of stems and roots, providing protection.

Periderm

The protective outer layer that replaces the epidermis in woody stems and roots during secondary growth, consisting mainly of cork.

Endodermis

A layer of cells surrounding the vascular cylinder in plant roots that helps regulate the movement of water and solutes into the vascular tissue.

Spore Dispersal

The mechanisms by which spores are spread away from the parent plant, facilitating colonization of new habitats.

Seed Dispersal

The mechanisms by which seeds are spread away from the parent plant, reducing competition and facilitating colonization of new habitats (e.g., through wind, water, or animals consuming fruits).

Haploid (n)

Having a single set of chromosomes.

Diploid (2n)

Having two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.