Birth of Filipino Nationalism to Post-War Philippines – Review Flashcards

These question-and-answer flashcards cover key revolts, movements, laws, events, and figures from early Spanish resistance to post-war independence efforts, helping you review for exams on Philippine history.

What is Filipino nationalism in the context of the 19th century?

The aim of gaining and maintaining sovereignty or self-governance over the Philippine homeland.

Which early revolt was triggered by Lavezaris’ refusal to honor Legazpi’s promise to Lakandula and Sulayman?

Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt.

What immediate cause sparked Magalat’s Revolt in Cagayan?

Magalat’s own encouragement of the Cagayan people to rebel against Spanish abuses.

Which revolt erupted after Palapag residents were ordered to work in the Cavite shipyard?

Sumoroy’s Rebellion (1649-50).

What prompted Maniago’s Revolt in Pampanga?

Hatred of bandala (forced rice sales) and constant recruitment to cut timber for galleons.

What was Diego Silang demanding that led to his 1762 revolt?

Abolition of tribute and his release from imprisonment for that demand.

Whose assassination pushed Gabriela Silang to continue the Ilocos revolt?

Her husband, Diego Silang.

Which Pangasinan uprising was fueled by excessive tribute and abuses in Binalatongan?

Palaris Revolt (1762-65).

What Spanish monopoly provoked the Basi Revolt of 1807?

Prohibition of home-made basi (sugar-cane wine) in Ilocos Norte.

Which Boholano babaylan urged a return to the old faith, sparking a 1621–22 uprising?

Tamblot.

Who led the 1622 Limasawa uprising encouraging defense of traditional religion?

Bankaw.

Which Panay revolt began after friars killed followers of a local religious cult?

Tapar’s Revolt (1643).

What incident triggered Dagohoy’s 85-year revolt in Bohol?

Refusal of Christian burial for his brother and killing of Fr. Lamberti.

Which 1840s revolt was led by Apolinario de la Cruz (‘Hermano Pule’)?

Cofradia de San José (Religious) Revolt.

What European intellectual movement influenced Filipino nationalism through trade openings in the late 18th–19th centuries?

Spread of Liberalism.

What term did Spaniards use to label native Filipinos as an ‘inferior race’?

Indios.

What church dispute set Spanish regulars against Filipino secular clergy?

Secularization Controversy.

Who led the 1872 Cavite Mutiny and which governor-general suppressed it?

Sgt. La Madrid led it; Gov.-Gen. Rafael Izquierdo suppressed it.

On what date were GomBurZa executed and by what method?

17 February 1872, by garrote.

What were the three main goals of the Propaganda Movement?

Assimilation as a Spanish province, equality of Filipinos and Spaniards, and representation in the Cortes.

Name the ‘Triumvirate of Propaganda.’

José Rizal, Graciano López Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar.

Which newspaper served as the Propaganda Movement’s main organ and who edited it?

La Solidaridad, edited by Marcelo H. del Pilar.

What socio-civic society did Rizal form on 3 July 1892?

La Liga Filipina.

List two major aims of La Liga Filipina.

(1) Unite the archipelago into one strong organization; (2) provide mutual protection, defense against injustice, promote education, agriculture and commerce, and study reforms.

On what date and by whom was the Katipunan founded?

7 July 1892, by Andres Bonifacio and associates.

What were the three passwords for Katipunan membership grades (Anak ng Bayan, Kawal, Bayani)?

Anak ng Bayan – password ‘Anak ng Bayan’; Kawal – ‘GomBurZa’; Bayani – ‘Rizal’.

Which newspaper, edited by Emilio Jacinto, served as the Katipunan’s voice?

Kalayaan.

Who authored the Kartilya ng Katipunan and what was his title in the society?

Emilio Jacinto, ‘Brain of the Katipunan.’

What historic act on 23 Aug 1896 signaled the start of the Philippine Revolution?

The Cry of Pugad Lawin (tearing of cedulas and shout ‘Long live the Philippines!’).

When was José Rizal executed and where?

30 December 1896, Bagumbayan (Luneta), Manila.

Which convention on 22 March 1897 attempted to form a revolutionary government to replace the Katipunan?

Tejeros Convention.

What agreement on 14 Dec 1897 provided a cease-fire and Aguinaldo’s exile?

Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

Who commanded the U.S. Asiatic Squadron that defeated Spain in Manila Bay on 1 May 1898?

Commodore George Dewey.

Where and when was Philippine independence first proclaimed?

Kawit, Cavite on 12 June 1898.

Which treaty (date) transferred the Philippines to the U.S. for $20 million?

Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898.

What U.S. policy proclaimed by Pres. McKinley promised ‘Benevolent Assimilation’?

Proclamation of 21 December 1898 declaring intention to train Filipinos for self-government.

Where did the Malolos Congress convene and what constitution did it approve?

Barasoain Church, Malolos; it approved the Malolos Constitution (21 Jan 1899).

What incident on 4 Feb 1899 started the Philippine-American War?

Private William Grayson shot a Filipino soldier at San Juan Bridge (Calle Sociego).

Who captured Aguinaldo on 23 March 1901 and with which Filipino allies?

Gen. Frederick Funston with Macabebe Scouts.

Name the first and last American military governors of the Philippines.

First: Wesley Merritt; Last: Arthur MacArthur.

Which commission (year, chair) recommended establishing civil government?

Taft Commission (Second Philippine Commission), 1900, chaired by William Howard Taft.

What 1902 act extended the U.S. Bill of Rights to Filipinos and created the Philippine Assembly?

Philippine Bill or Cooper Act of 1902.

Who were the first two Filipino resident commissioners to the U.S. Congress?

Pablo Ocampo and Benito Legarda.

Which 1916 law (name) promised eventual independence and created an elected Senate?

Jones Law (Philippine Autonomy Act).

What 1923 political dispute arose from Gov. Gen. Wood’s refusal to consult Filipino officials?

Cabinet Crisis of 1923.

What act (number) established the public school system and English instruction in 1901?

Act No. 74 of the Taft Commission.

Who were the ‘Thomasites’?

First group of American teachers who arrived aboard the ship Thomas on 23 Aug 1901.

What was the purpose of the OSROX Independence Mission?

To secure a U.S. law granting Philippine independence (led by Osmeña and Roxas).

Which U.S. law (1934) set a 10-year Commonwealth transition to independence?

Tydings-McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence Act).

When was the 1935 Constitution ratified and who became the first Commonwealth president?

Ratified 14 May 1935; Manuel L. Quezon elected president.

Why is Manuel Quezon called the ‘Father of Social Justice’?

He enacted reforms like the Court of Industrial Relations, Eight-Hour Labor Law, and Minimum Wage Law.

What date did Japan attack Pearl Harbor, bringing WWII to the Philippines?

7 December 1941 (8 Dec in PH time).

What infamous forced transfer of prisoners began on 10 April 1942?

The Bataan Death March from Mariveles/Cabcaben to San Fernando.

What was KALIBAPI and its main purpose under Japanese occupation?

Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas – propaganda and mass-mobilization organ for Japanese goals and ‘Asian values.’

Who became president of the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic (1943)?

José P. Laurel.

What guerrilla force founded 29 Mar 1942 fought the Japanese and who led it?

HUKBALAHAP, led by Luis Taruc and Castro Alejandrino.

On what date did Gen. MacArthur land at Leyte, fulfilling his promise to return?

20 October 1944.

Which naval engagement (Oct 1944) is considered history’s greatest sea battle?

Battle of Leyte Gulf.

What dates saw the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki?

Hiroshima – 6 Aug 1945; Nagasaki – 9 Aug 1945.

Which July 4 date marks U.S. recognition that the Philippines was liberated from Japan?

4 July 1945 (MacArthur’s proclamation).

Name the first three presidents of the Philippines in chronological order.

Emilio Aguinaldo, Manuel L. Quezon, José P. Laurel.

Who was known as the ‘Sublime Paralytic’ and served as Brain of the Revolution?

Apolinario Mabini.

What piece did Mabini write setting ethical guidelines for the revolution?

El Verdadero Decálogo (The True Decalogue).