[Anatomy 001] Lecture 3 Exam

what is the pathway of signal output through those cells

Photoreceptor cells (rods & cones), Horizontal cell, bipolar cells, amacrine

cells, & ganglion cells

what are the lacrimal gland and lacrimal sac used for

one produces lacrimal fluid and the other one, the fluid empties into the nasal cavity

what are neurons?

cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals

what are neuroglia?

nonexcitable cells of the neural tissue that supports, protects, and insulates

what is another name for a nerve cell

neuron

what is a soma?

also known as a cell body are different neurons vary widely in size, all consist of a single nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

What are the functions of the soma?

Receives signals from dendrites

what is a dendrite?

Extensively branching from cell body

whats the function of a dendrite?

sites for receiving signals

What is axon (nerve fiber)

Processes

whats the function of the axon (nerve fiber)?

Nerve impulse generator & transmits impulses away from cell body

what is terminal bouton/axon terminal?

End in knobs

what is the function of the terminal bouton/axon terminal?

Contains neurotransmitters in vesicles

What is a neurotransmitter?

chemical messenger

what is the function of a neurotransmitter?

excite or inhibit the neurons or target organ that are in close contact with the axon boutons

What is a synapse?

Site where neurons communicate

what is the function of synapse?

In CNS, some neurons transmit info

electrically through gap junctions

how many axon(s) does a neuron have?

one or no axon

What is the axon initial segment?

located at the proximal axon and is the site of action potential initiation.

be able to determine the path of signal transmission through & between neurons.

dendrite, soma, axon hillock, axon, terminal bouton

What is a presynaptic neuron?

conducts signal toward a synapse

What is a postsynaptic neuron?

transmits electrical activity away from a synapse

What is axodendritic?

axon to dendrite

What is axosomatic?

axon to cell body

What is a multipolar neuron?

a neuron that has many processes coming off of the cell body; motor neurons are multipolar

What is a bipolar neuron?

one axon and one dendrite

What is a unipolar neuron?

pseudounipolar: possess 1

short, single process

What is a anaxonic neuron?

neuron that contains no axon

What is a interneuron?

association neurons, All multipolar

which structures make up the central nervous system

Brain & spinal cord (SC)

which structures make up the peripheral nervous system

Cranial & spinal nerves & Ganglia

what direction do afferent/sensory neurons carry signals relative to the CNS

are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system

what direction do efferent/motor neurons carry signals relative to the CNS

re motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement

what does somatic divisions refer to

skin, skeletal muscles, and bones

hearing and vision

what does visceral divisions refer to

Digestive & urinary tracts, & reproductive organs

Nausea & hunger

taste and smell

what is the effector organ(s) for the somatic motor division?

skeletal muscles

what is the effector organ(s) for the visceral motor division?

cardiac and smooth muscle and gland

which glial cells belong to the central nervous

system

astrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal

cells, oligodendrocytes

which glial cells belong to the peripheral nervous system

satellite cell, schwann cell

what are the functions of each neuroglial cell

all neurons associate closely with non-nervous supporting cells

what are the 2 factors that determine the conduction speed of a nerve signal along a nerve fiber?

Myelin sheath and diameter

What is white matter composed of?

Consists of myelinated axon nonmyelinated axons & neuroglia

what is gray matter composed of?

Consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, nonmyelinated axons, neuroglia

where is gray matter located in the cerebrum & cerebellum

cortex

where is white matter located in the cerebrum & cerebellum

Deep to cortex

where is gray matter located in the spinal cord

Forms H-shaped interior region

where is white matter located in the spinal cord

Superficial to gray matter

what are tracts.

within the white matter, axons traveling to similar destinations from axon bundles

what is the function of the basal nuclei?

Cooperate with the cerebral cortex in controlling movement

what feature belong to the medulla oblongata

Pyramids of the medulla, decussation of

the pyramids, Inferior cerebellar

peduncles, Olive

what feature belong to the pons

motor tracts, middle cerebellar peduncles,

what feature belong to the midbrain

Superior cerebellar peduncles, Substantia nigra, red nucleus, corpora quadrigemina: Superior colliculi, inferior colliculi

what feature belong to the cerebellum

arbor vitae, cerebellar hemispheres, folia,

what feature belong to the cerebrum

Transverse fissure. longitudinal fissure, frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobe, insula, Lateral sulcus, Central sulcus, Precentral gyrus, Postcentral gyrus,

what is the significance / function of corpora quadrigemina's superior colliculi

act in visual reflexes

what is the significance / function of corpora quadrigemina's inferior colliculi

belongs to the auditory system

what is the significance / function of arbor vitae

Internal white matter

what is the significance / function of transverse fissure

separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum inferiorly

what is the significance / function of longitudinal fissure

separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres from each other

what is the significance / function of central sulcus

separates the frontal bone and fills the anterior cranial fossa

what is the significance / function of precentral gyrus

containing the primary motor cortex lies just anterior to the central sulcus

what is the significance / function of postcentral gyrus

just posterior to the central sulcus, contains the primary somatosensory cortex

what is the significance / function of corpus callosum

a broad band that lies superior to the lateral ventricle, deep within the longitudinal fissure

what is the significance / function of meninges

cover and protects CNS, Enclose & protect vessels that supply CNS Contain CSF (b/w pia & arachnoid maters)

what is the significance / function of ventricles

Filled w/ CSF

Lined w/ ependymal cells

Continuous w/ central canal of SC

what is the significance / function of blood-brain barrier

blood borne toxins, such as urea, mild toxins from food and bacterial toxins, are prevented from entering brain tissue

what structures make up the diencephalon

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

what structures make up the brainstem and in what order.

(inferior - superior) medulla oblongata, pons, & midbrain

what are the different functions of the medulla oblongata (focus on visceral centers)

Visceral centers of

reticular formation

include

• cardiac center

• Vasomotor center

• Respiratory center

• Centers for vomiting, sneezing, swallowing, & coughing

what are the different functions of the cerebellum

Smoothing & coordinating body movements, Helps maintain equilibrium

what are the different functions of the thalamus

Act as relay stations

for incoming sensory message

• Lateral & medial geniculate

• "Gateway" to the cerebral cortex

• Can process info as it passes

what are the different functions of the hypothalamus

Control of the

ANS

• Regulation of body T

• Regulation of sleep-wake cycles

• Control of the endocrine system

• Regulation of & thirst sensations

what are the different functions of the cerebrum (what are the 3 general kinds of functional areas & understand the purpose of each one)

Each primary sensory cortex has a sensory

association area that processes the sensory info

• Multimodal association area: integrate input from multiple regions

Motor areas

• Plans & initiates voluntary motor functions

which structure & lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex found

located along the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe

which structure & lobe is the primary motor cortex found

Located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

which lobe is each of the 5 mentioned functional areas found in.

1. Gustatory cortex in insula

2. Primary auditory cortex in temporal

3. Primary olfactory cortex in temporal

4. Primary visual

cortex in occipital

5. Visceral sensory cortex in insula

which cerebral hemisphere controls which side of the body.

2 hemispheres control opposite sides of body (Contralateral)

what are the 3 layers of the meninges and in what order

( superficial to Deep) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

what is the falx cerebri for.

attaches to crista gali of ethmoid bone

-holds the brain in place

what type of information generally ascends the spinal cord.

carry sensory information

what type of information generally descends the spinal cord.

carry motor information

What is rostral?

toward the forehead

what is caudal

towards the spinal cord

what is a fissure

deep grooves separate major regions of brain

what is a gyrus

twisted ridges b/w sulci

what is a sulcus.

groove on surface of cerebral hemispheres

what are the 2 types of effectors that motor neurons innervate

muscles and glands

What are sensory receptors?

pick up stimuli from inside or outside body

what is a nerve

bundles of peripheral axons

What are ganglia?

clusters of peripheral cell bodies

what are exteroreceptors

sensitive to stimuli outside body

what are interoceptors

stimuli from internal viscera

What are proprioceptors?

monitor degree of stretch

What are mechanoreceptors?

This is a type of receptor responds to mechanical forces such as pressure, touch, vibrations, or stretch.

What are baroreceptors?

monitor blood pressure

What are thermoreceptors?

respond to changes in temperature

What are chemoreceptors?

respond to chemicals in solution (such as molecules tasted or smelled) and to changes in blood chemistry

What are photoreceptors?

in the eye response to light

What are nociceptors?

response to harmful stimuli that results in pain

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

12 pairs (Numbered from I to

XII)