Deterioration and Preservation Final Exam Review

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343 Terms

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AWPA standards

help us define where the product will be used, how it will be used, and it what geographical areas is should be used in

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what is wood?

biological material, hygroscopic, heterogenous, and anisotropic

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goal of preservation?

to extend the service life of the product

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advantages of wood use

carbon sequestration, strong material, sustainable, renewable

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why do we need to know wood anatomy

to help us know how to treat wood to the best of our abilities; we need to know how to treat each species differently

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hardwood second

sapwood first

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wood physics

properties we cannot change, ie hygroscopicity and density

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mechanical testing

bending test most important; top holds compression, bottom holds tension, middle holds shear

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fungi body

hypha < hyphae < mycelium < thallus (fruiting body)

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fungi

causes most damage due to it being cosmopolitain

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fungal reproduction

sexual or asexual; overall decision based off environment

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sexual reproduction

better, needs partner; meiosis

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asexual reproduction

easier, less good; spores

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fungi characteristics

eukaryotic (protected nucleus), dikaryotic (two nuclei)

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ascomycota

soft rot; most OVERALL fungi species

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basidomycota

white rot and brown rot; most WOOD DECAY species

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fungi metabolism

enzymes break down cellulose (lock-key/enzyme-substrate)

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conditions for fungal growth

nutrients (wood), oxygen, temperature, moisture, pH

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substrate vicinity

food for fungi needs to be close enough for it to attack; if it's too far, they won't eat

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brown rot

decay cellulose and hemicellulose, leaves lignin; cubical shape, brown color, attacks softwoods mainly

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white rot

decay all components of wood, starts with lignin; moist, spongy, white, attacks hardwood and softwoods

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brown rot and white rot testing

8-12 weeks

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soft rot

high MC, initially superficial decay; hardwoods mainly

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soft rot testing

1 year test

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all rots

affect mechanical properties

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control of fungi

inhibit growth conditions; make food toxic, spray logs with water, to prohibit oxygen, chemical treatments, biological control, design of buildings

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termites

social insect, pests and beneficial, in hotter areas, subterranean (lower termites)

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pest qualities of termites

cost millions in damage annually

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beneficial qualities of termites

nutrient cycling

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coptotermes

invasive, in costal areas; smaller colonies, eat everything, localized

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reticulitermes

native, everywhere; eat EW leave LW, more spread out

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insects

beetles, termites, carpenter bees/ants, wasps

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termite metabolism

mechanical breakdown (mandibles), midgut (endogenous cellulases), hindgut (exogenous cellulases), excretion (building material, fed to other termites)

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worker termites

take care of all other termites

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beetles

not social, pre and post harvest

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pre harvest beetles

pre seasoning, bark beetles

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post harvest beetles

post seasoning, ALBOW, ambrosia beetles

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TOP A TOW

type-of-product, age, type-of-wood

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age

less than 10 years, more than 10 years

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TOW

type of wood; softwood or hardwood

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TOP

type of product; furniture, plywood, etc

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ALBOW

Anobiidae, Lyctidae, Bostrichidae, Old Home Bores, Weevils

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marine bores

mollusk (shipworms, pholads) and crustaceans (limnoria); like warm water

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control of marine bores

mechanical barriers, harsh teratments

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bacteria

slow, super wet, superficial attack; absorbs more product than unaffected wood

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carpenter bees, carpenter ants, wasps

its a home, not food

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abiotic ants

non living; weathering, chemicals, heat (fire), mechanical wear (cutting board, stairs)

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timber structure

inspections needed, historical buildings, timber bridge; failures due to improper piling, water penetration, lack of inspection and remedial treatments

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types of treatments

oil borne, water borne, borates

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AWPA categories

risk zones, material or species; creates for us to reference

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plant layout

cylinders, heat source, in-feed and out-feed, vacuum system, pressure system, tankage, process control system, effluent control system, quality control system

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retention

how much preservative went inside the wood

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penetration

depth of preservative within the wood

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treatment processes

full-cell process (bethel), empty cell process (rueping and lowry)

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full cell process

has initial vacuum to remove all air; treatment leaves lumen full of preservative

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empty cell process

no initial vacuum, but final vacuum to remove excess preservative; treatment leaves lumen coated

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remedial treatment

post-treatment, in-service; field applied, supplemental

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labs

E10, E22, E1, pressure treatments, field tests

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E10

weight loss, 8-12 weeks, cube shaped sample

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E22

strength loss, vacuum at end to remove excess water and to kill fungi

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plant layout and design

cylinders or retorts, heat source, in-feed and out-feed systems, vacuum system, pressure system, tankage, process control system, effluent control system, quality control system

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types of tankage storage

storage tanks (concentrates, carriers), working tank, mixing tanks

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material arrival

comes by truck or railroad and is mechanically off-loaded, computer inventoried and stored

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untreated materials

prepared for treatment as either round bundles or square packages

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process control systems

gauge vs automated; computer controlled systems monitor and control pressure, temperature, vacuum, fluid injection rate and volume

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vacuum pumps

control all movement of fluids such as water, preservative, and blowback in the cylinder

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pressure system

air compressors or pressure pumps, multistage centrifugal

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heating systems

direct or indirect, boiler to plant to produce steam; gas-fired, hogged fuel, combo system, co-generation

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direct heating

easy but large effluent

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indirect heating

minimize effluent, less water consumption, coil corrosion

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in-feed, out-feed systems

tracked tram cars, fork lifts, loaders

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treating cylinders

4-10 ft diameter, operate up to 200 psi (1400 kPa), insulated, up to 175 feet long, mounted with stand expansion and contraction

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effluent control systems

filters, catch basins, ponds, aeration lagoons, dripskirts and sumps, dikes, aromatic poly-carbon inorganic waste separators; concrete bunkers around all tanks collect any potential leaks or rain-water run-off, clay lined and aerated rain-water collection ponds remove an contaminants from collected rain water

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quality control

effectiveness of a wood preservative depends on retention and penetration

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retention

how much preservative went inside the wood (lbs/ft^3)

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penetration

depth of preservative in the wood

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new plants

hydraulic door locks, ground barriers, computer operated; concrete or asphalt paved, covered with roofs to control rain water run-off, concrete drip pad, large heated or controlled ventilated sheds used

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why do we preserve wood

allows us to conserve timber and increase the service life, therefore forests are conserved by preserving wood

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major concerns in wood preservation

environmental concerns (air and water quality standards), effect of treated wood on man and nontarget organisms, the energy crisis (oil and oil-based preservative systems)

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history of wood preservation

began in the BCE's with natural oils and other materials, took force with the beginning of railroads

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requirements for chemicals in preservation

any chemical that claims to be a biocide must be registered with the EPA and within the state it is sold

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qualities of an ideal preservative

toxic to good range of woo-inhabiting organisms, high degree of performance (low volatility, resistance to leaching, chemical stability), ability to penetrate in wood readily, hydrophobic, noncorrosive to metals, safe to handle, low environmental impact, favorable economics

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effectiveness of preservative treatment

depends on chemical formula, method of application, proportion of sapwood to heartwood, MC, retention, penetration, distribution of chemical in the wood

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treated products

seasoned building materials, utility poles/fence posts/rails, structural members, structures and dwellings, crop containers, lawn furniture, playground equipment, garden/landscape timbers, log homes, transportation vehicles (truck beds and support structures)

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effect of wood characteristics on preservation

sapwood accepts preservatives more readily than heartwood, softwoods can be treated more uniformly than hardwood; treatment by pressure is usually required for wood exposed to high risk of fungi, insects, or marine borer attack

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classification of pesticides

general use v restricted use

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general use classification

less hazardous; copper naphthenate, copper 8

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restricted use classification

only those who are trained and licensed may purchase or use these preservatives; creosote, pentachlorophenol (penta), inorganic aresenicals

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heavy duty wood preservatives

chromated arsenicals, creosote, penta (ongoing discussion and regulations by EPA)

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treatments used in residential lumber and timber market

alkaline copper quatenary (ACQ), borates, copper azole, copper naphthalene, polymeric betaine

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oilborne systems

creosote, penta, copper naphthalene, copper 8, TBTO

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waterborne systems

ACQ, copper azole, borates, ACZA, CCB, etc

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industrial use of preservatives

mostly exterior exposure, big three (creosote, penta, CCA), restrictions threatened

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residential use of preservatives

outdoor and indoor exposure, waterborne (CCA); hesitations due to public perception

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wood treatments/preservatives

any substance or material that, when applied to wood, extends the useful service life of the wood product; chemicals, applied as solids, liquids, or gases

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toxic to wood-degrading organisms

wood treatments or preservatives need to be

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two types of wood treatements

pressure treatment or remedial treatment

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remedial treatments

distribution of preservative into areas of a structure no protected by the original pressure treatment; in-place, field-applied, supplemental, non-pressure preservatives, superficial protection

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remedial treatments examples

paste/bandages, fumigants, liquids, solid rods; in-place treatments : envelope, diffusion

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envelope treatments

brush or spray (wood surfaces), biocides or biocides formulated with water repellants