BSC 2085 Lab 1 Review: Anatomical Terminology, Cell Structure, Microscope, and Tissues

Practice flashcards covering anatomical terminology, cell structures, microscopy procedures, and tissue classifications based on the Lab 1 lecture notes.

Anatomical Position

A standard position for accuracy where the body is standing erect, facing forward (including the eyes), with arms hanging at the sides and palms facing forward.

Axial Region

The main body region consisting of the head, neck, and trunk.

Appendicular Region

The main body region consisting of the arms, legs, and the bones that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

Nuchal

The anatomical term for the posterior region of the head and neck.

Superior (cranial)

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above.

Inferior (caudal)

Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below.

Anterior (ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body; in front of.

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind.

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.

Intermediate

Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Distal

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Superficial (external)

Toward or at the body surface.

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal.

Sagittal plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Midsagittal (medial) plane

A sagittal plane that lies exactly on the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left parts.

Parasagittal plane

A plane that divides the body into unequal right and left parts.

Frontal (coronal) plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts, also known as a cross section.

Dorsal cavity

The body cavity containing the cranial cavity (brain) and the vertebral cavity (spinal cord).

Ventral cavity

The body cavity containing the thoracic cavity (lungs and heart) and the abdominopelvic cavity (digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems).

Diaphragm (Anatomy)

The structure that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Levels of Organization

The six levels of structural organization: Chemical level, Cellular level, Tissue level, Organ level, Organ system level, and Organismal level.

Plasma Membrane

The outermost layer of the cell consisting of a phospholipids bilayer studded with proteins and carbohydrates that acts as a protective barrier and controls entry and exit of substances.

Cytosol

The gel-like matrix in which organelles are suspended.

Cytoplasm

The combination of the organelles and the cytosol.

Nucleus

The organelle containing the cell’s genetic material (chromosomes) that controls all cellular activities.

Nucleolus

A structure within the nucleus responsible for making ribosomes.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A system of membranes with ribosomes attached to its surface where proteins are modified, stored, and transported.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A system of membranes without attached ribosomes responsible for the synthesis of lipids.

Ribosomes

Organelles responsible for protein synthesis, found floating freely in the cytosol or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Golgi complex (apparatus)

The organelle that makes carbohydrates and packages proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids into transport vesicles for delivery inside or outside the cell.

Lysosomes

Vesicles made by the Golgi complex containing strong digestive enzymes to digest old organelles and foreign substances.

Mitochondria

The organelle that provides the cell the energy ($ATP$) needed to perform all chemical reactions.

Centrioles

Structures important during mitosis (cell division) that form the spindle fibers necessary for cell division.

Total Magnification

The product of the magnification of the ocular ($10X$) and the magnification of the objective lenses ($4X$, $10X$, $40X$, or $100X$), resulting in magnifications of $40X$, $100X$, $400X$, or $1000X$.

Condenser

A round piece located under the microscope stage that collects and directs light to the specimen.

Diaphragm (Microscope)

A microscope part that controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.

Parafocal

A microscope characteristic where a specimen in focus with one objective remains in focus when switching to the next objective, requiring only slight adjustment with the small knob.

Epithelial Tissue

A tissue type consisting of closely packed cells with few matrix, which is avascular and high in mitotic rate, used to cover organs and line cavities.

Transitional Epithelium

A stratified squamous epithelium modified for stretching, where superficial cells are rounded but can change to flat, found in the bladder and ureters.

Goblet cells

Specific cells that produce mucus, found in some types of simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia.

Connective Tissue

The most abundant and widely distributed tissue type, composed primarily of matrix with few cells, where matrix ranges from fluid (blood) to solid (bone).

Areolar (loose) Connective Tissue

The most common type of connective tissue, composed of fibroblasts that produce matrix and fibers, with a semi-fluid matrix and all fiber types present.

Adipocytes

Fibroblasts filled with fat found in adipose tissue, where the accumulation of fat pushes the nucleus to the periphery.

Reticular Connective Tissue

A type of connective tissue where the matrix is filled with a dense network of reticular fibers, forming a soft internal skeleton (stroma) in lymphoid organs.

Dense Fibrous Connective Tissue

Tissue containing few fibroblasts with a matrix filled with numerous wavy bundles of collagen fibers, found in tendons and ligaments.