Child Development - midterm 3

Linguistics

components of language

Developmental psycholinguistics

phases and areas of development

Psycholinguistics

a language’s impact on psychology

4 components of language

Phonological, Semantic, Syntactic, Pragmatic

Phonological

phonemes (speech sound)

semantic (meaning)

morphemes

Syntactic

structure or grammar

What can cultural context influence?

cognition and emotion (language)

Formats

recurrent socially patterned activity (hobbies, sports, frequently visited environments or task)

What can formats determine?

children’s vocabularies (sewing—> knows many words pertaining to sewing/clothes)

label

• a name or word that is assigned to something

• ex: dog or car

referent

• the actual thing that the label is refering to

• ex: the physical dog

What do American children most?

nouns then verbs

What is prelinguistic development?

communication skills that a child develops before they start using words

Examples of prelinguistic development

• hearing in the womb

• babbling

• memory

social referencing

looking to a caregiver for cues when approaching unfamiliar subjects/events

Primary intersubjectivity

• face-to-face interaction early in infancy with caregiver

Secondary intersubjectivity

• shared attention and feelings about “other” events/objects between baby and caregiver

One-word utterances

• getting used to the meaning of words

  ex: mommy..go

Two-word utterances

• getting used to the grammatical aspect of words

  ex: daddy chase v.s. chase daddy

Acquisition of mapping

• fast mapping “Look, son! There sits a ptitsa.” 

4 pieces of knowledge

1. whole-object principle

2. mutual-exclusivity principle

3. categorizing principle

4. grammatical constraints

whole-object principle

 Assume a label (“cup”) applies to the whole object

Mutual - exclusivity Principle

Assume that a referent has only one name

Categorizing principle

assume that a label (“dog”) extends to a class of similar objects

Grammatical constraints

children already know grammar which is helping them to learn words

Which constraints are in action when children make typical mistakes in sentence structure?

1. Overextension

2. Underextension

Overextension

Apply a label too broadly (“Daddy” to all men)

Underextension

Applying a label too narrowly (“cat” only to the family’s cat)

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

 A common measure of receptive vocabulary (acquisition of semantics)

Telegraphic speech

• two word sentences

• “want do”, “more sing”, “water off”, and “mail come”

generalization - change and find better meaning

a typical mistake children make

what is Chomsky’s view?

that grammar is acquired though a special piece of the brain that was open and genes gave the gift (to quickly understand grammatical rules) for a few years

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

• allows a child to process the sentences in a linguistic environment to quickly obtain grammatical rules 

modularity nativism

a theory believe genes are responsible for one area of development

What is an example of modularity nativism?

Chomsky is a modularity nativist of linguistic development

What does “language and thought are intertwined” mean?

The way of thinking is dependent on the language and vice versa

What is an example of “language and thought are intertwined”?

Chinese language and numbers

Professor Cheung’s personal example (stock market)

referent concept

• the mental image of the label

• ex: dog—> picturing a dog

How do Australian Aboriginals speak?

• speak with n,e,s,w 

How do the Mayans speak?

• use the words of north and south as up and down

• don’t have the words left and right

• objects are “in the direction of…" or “the object is next to…”

How do kids walk after their 3rd birthday?

like adults

What is Motor Drive?

taking pleasure in newly developed motor abilities

what is an example of motor drive?

Kids learning to run and running ALL the time

what kind of improvements do babies make in fine motor skills?

• using utensils

• drinking from a cup

• unbutton a jacket

what is the scaling error?

not fully understanding the scale of an object or self

what are examples of scaling error?

• sitting on a toy train

• using a Barbie blanket

Name one of Piaget’s stages of thinking

Pre-occupational (2-6)

What happens during the pre-occupational stage?

• start thinking symbolically

• struggle with conservation

What are some pre-occupational test?

• conservation test

• three mountain task

What is the conservation test?

• test children proportion judgement

what are the 4 versions of conservation task?

1. liquid

2. mass

3. task

4. number

what is centration?

children’s ability to focus on one aspect (height vs. weight)

what is the three mountain task?

• a test used to determine children;s ability to take another person pov