BIO121Exam2 StudyGuide

Peroxisomes

________ also occur in germinating seeds where they convert oils into sugars used as nutrients by the growing plant.

Mitochondria

________ also can be fixed in one location or form long, moving chains.

B Mitochondria

________ are surrounded by a double membrane: the inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted to form cristae.

Prokaryotes

________ occur in three basic shapes: spherical coccus, rod- shaped bacillus, and spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible)

Golgi apparatus

The ________ consists of a stack of slightly curved saccules.

Chromatin

________ is a threadlike material that coils into chromosomes just before cell division occurs; contains DNA, protein, and some RNA.

Hydrogen peroxide

________ (H2O2) is broken down to water and oxygen by catalase.

Macromolecules

________ enter a cell by vesicle formation; lysosomes fuse with vesicles and digest the contents of the vesicle.

Chlorophyll

________ and other pigments capture solar energy, and the enzymes which synthesize carbohydrates are located in the chloroplasts.

Chromosomes

________ are rod- like structures formed during cell division; composed of coiled or folded chromatin.

Microtubules

________ are composed of a globular protein called tubulin that occurs as α tubulin and β tubulin.

Cells

________ need a surface area large enough to adequately exchange materials.

ECM

The ________ is only found in animals and its function includes supporting the plasma membrane and communicating between cells.

Phospholipids

________ with an attached carbohydrate (sugar) chain are called glycolipids.

C Plasmids

________ are small accessory (extrachromosomal) rings of DNA; they are not part of the bacterial genetic material.

Carbohydrate chains

________ are the basis for A, B, and O blood groups in humans.

Organelles

________ in the cell work together to metabolize, regulate, and conduct life processes.

D Ribosomes

________ are particles that synthesize proteins; they contain RNA and protein in two subunits.

Integral proteins

________ are usually found in the membrane and are held in place by the cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix (ECM)

central dogma

The ________ of molecular biology refers to the universality of the sequence of DNA being transcribed into mRNA and then being translated into a protein.

Contractile vacuoles

________ in some protists rid the cell of excess water.

Secretory vesicles

________ carry products to the membrane where exocytosis produces secretions.

passage of substances

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear envelope, which contains nuclear pores to permit ________ (e.g., ribosomal subunits, messenger RNA, proteins, etc .)

Enzymes

________ within the Golgi apparatus modify the carbohydrates that were placed on proteins in the ER; proteins and lipids are sorted and packaged.

endomembrane system

The ________ is a series of intracellular membranes that compartmentalize the cell.

Nucleoplasm

________ is the semifluid medium of the nucleus.

α

Assembly brings ________ and β tubulin together as dimers and the dimers arrange themselves in rows.

thin fibers

Actin filaments are long, ________ (about 7 nm in diameter) that occur in bundles or meshlike networks.

Vesicles

________ formed from the membrane of the outer face of the Golgi apparatus move to different locations in a cell; at the plasma membrane they discharge their contents as secretions, a process called exocytosis because substances exit the cell.

nucleolus

The ________ is a dark region of chromatin inside the nucleus; it is the site where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) joins with proteins to form ribosomes.

F Cyanobacteria

________ (also called blue- green bacteria) are bacteria that photosynthesize; they lack chloroplasts but have thylakoids containing chlorophyll and other pigments.

E Inclusion bodies

________ in the cytoplasm are granules of stored substances.

powerful digestive enzymes

Lysosomes contain ________ and are highly acidic.

photosynthesis

Only plants, algae, and certain bacteria are capable of conducting ________.

Glycoproteins

________ are proteins that have an attached carbohydrate chain of sugar.

immune system

The ________ recognizes foreign tissues that have inappropriate carbohydrate chains.

ribosomes

Some ________ are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) if the protein being synthesized by the ________ begins with a sequence of amino acids called a signal peptide.

Fluidity

________ is affected by cholesterol molecules in the plasma membrane.

plasma membrane

Plant, fungi, and many protist cells contain a cell wall along with a(n) ________.

fluid mosaic model

The ________ describes the plasma membrane.

Robert Brown

Detailed study of the cell began in the 1830s; some of the scientists contributing to the understanding of cell structure and function were ________, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, and Rudolph Virchow.

Proteins

________ produced in rough ER and lipids from smooth ER are carried in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus.

double membrane

Both organelles are surrounded by a(n) ________.

Proteins bond

________ to the ECM and /or cytoskeleton to prevent movement in the fluid phospholipid bilayer.

cytoplasm

The ________ is a semifluid solution containing water, inorganic and organic molecules, and enzymes.

Chloroplasts

________ have both their own chromosome and ribosomes, supporting the endosymbiotic theory.

eukaryotic cell

Summarize the functions of the organelles in a(n) ________.

Lysosomes

________ fuse with incoming vesicles and digest macromolecules.

ATP production

________ occurs on the cristae.

Rough ER

________ is studded with ribosomes on the cytoplasm side; it is the site where proteins are synthesized and enter the ER interior for processing and modification.

Two different types of cells exist in nature

a. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells (which have a nucleus)

The functions of bacteria vary

some cause serious diseases, while others are a major component to ecosystems because they decay dead organisms

Prokaryotes occur in three basic shapes

spherical coccus, rod-shaped bacillus, and spiral spirillum (if rigid) or spirochete (if flexible)

Photosynthesis is represented by the equation

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water → carbohydrate + oxygen 2

B. Mitochondria are surrounded by a double membrane

the inner membrane surrounds the matrix and is convoluted to form cristae

Elements of the cytoskeleton include

actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Regulation of microtubule assembly is under control of a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)

the main MTOC is called a centrosome