DNA technology

What does crispr do?

It edits parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence.

What is cas9?

It is an enzyme. It can cut two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome so that DNA can be added or removed.

What is guide RNA?

A small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence located within a longer RNA scaffold. It binds to DNA, and the pre-designed sequence guides Cas9 to the right part of the genome. This ensures the Cas9 enzyme cuts at the right point in the genome. The bases of the RNA are complementary to the target DNA sequence in the genome.

What happens after?

The cas9 follows the guide to the RNA to the same location in the DNA sequence and makes a cut across both strands of the DNA.

Whats the next stage?

The cell recognises that the DNA is damaged and repairs it. Scientists use this repair mechanism to add or remove genes in the genome.

What is vitro mutagenesis

Creates specific mutations in cloned genes.

What are agricultural applications?

• Used to enhance crop and livestock traits

• Transgenic animals that carry genes from other species

• CRISPR may offer a more precise and safer alternative.

What is DNA cloning techniques

• Produces multiple identical copies of a DNA segment

• Uses plasmids (small circular DNA molecules in bacteria)

What is the process?

• Insert DNA into plasmid → recombinant dna

• Bacteria reproduce → clones plasmid and foreign gene

• Result : Gene cloning