Gen Physics

*Newton-meter*

SI unit for torque is the

Translational motion

is the motion by which a body shifts from one point in space to another.

Angular acceleration

describes the relationships among angular velocity

Static Equilibrium

is when an object is at rest and is in a state of equilibrium.

Moment of Inertia

An object at rest it will remain at rest.

Torque

it is the ability of a force to rotate an object around some axis.

Static Torque

does not produce angular acceleration.

Dynamic Torque

produce angular acceleration.

Gravity

It is the force by which a planet or other body draws objects toward its center. It is universal as well, like what Isaac Newton had discovered and recognized.

Angular velocity

if the object moves on a circular direction than its velocity is called

Equilibrium

when all the forces that act upon an object are balanced. then the object is said to be in a state of

Static Equilibrium

If an object is at rest and is in a state of equilibrium. then we would say that the object is at

Rotational Equilibrium

is an equivalent to Newton’s 1st law for a rotational system. An object which is not rotating remains not rotating unless acted on by an external torque.

Law of universal gravitation

stated as that every article attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

Gravitational field

A field is something that has a magnitude and a direction at every point in space.

Orbits

is a regular, repeating path that one object in space takes around another one.

Sir Isaac Newton

discovered that a force is required to change the speed or direction of movement of an object.

Gravitational force

is directly proportional to the mass of both interacting objects, more massive objects will attract each other with a greater gravitational force.

Gravitational Potential Energy

It is the energy stored in an object as the result of its vertical position or height.

Kepler’s laws of planetary motion

in astronomy and classical physics, laws describing the motions of the planets in the solar system.

Kepler's First Law

each planet's orbit about the Sun is an ellipse.

Kepler's Second Law

the imaginary line joining a planet and the sons sweeps equal areas of space during equal time intervals as the planet orbits.

Kepler's Third Law

the squares of the orbital periods of the planets are directly proportional to the cubes of the semi major axes of their orbits.

Periodic motion

is a motion repeated in equal intervals of time.

Angular frequency

refers to the angular displacement per unit time (e.g., in rotation) or the rate of change of the phase of a sinusoidal waveform.

Simple harmonic motion

is a type of periodic motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement.

Compression

an area where the particles in a medium are spaced close together is called a

Rarefraction

area where the particles in a medium are spread out is called a

Mechanical wave

is a disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another.

Transverse Wave

A wave that causes the medium to vibrate at right angles to the direction in which the wave travels. The highest point of the wave above the rest position is the crest. The lowest point below the rest position is the trough.

Longitudinal Waves

is a wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the direction the wave travels. particles of the medium vibrate back and forth parallel to the direction of the wave.

Surface Waves

wave is a wave that travels along a surface separating two media. particles of the medium vibrate both up and down and back and forth, so they end up moving in a circle.

Frequency

the number of complete cycles in a given time. Measured in cycles per second, or hertz (Hz).

Amplitude

is the maximum displacement of the medium from its rest position.

Wavelength

is the distance between a point on one wave and the same point on the next cycle of the wave.

Periodic wave

is a wave with a repeating continuous pattern which determines its wavelength and frequency. It is characterized by the amplitude, a period and a frequency.

Sine or Sinusoidal wave

is a curve that describes a smooth repetitive oscillation.

Reflection

occurs when a wave bounces off a surface that is cannot pass through.

Refraction

is the bending of a wave as it enters a new medium at an angle.

Diffraction

is the bending of a wave as it moves around anobstacle or passes through a narrow opening.

Interference

occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine together.

Constructive Interference

occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a larger displacement.

Destructive Interference

occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a smaller displacement.

Standing wave

is a wave that appears to stay in one place.

Node

is a point on a standing wave that has no displacement from the rest position.

Antinode

is a point where a crest or trough occurs midway between two nodes.

Sound waves

are longitudinal waves that travel through a medium.

Sound

is a mechanical wave that results from the back-and-forth vibration of the particles of the medium through which the sound wave is moving.

Doppler Effect

is a change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both.

Fluids

are substances that flow.

Mass density

is defined as the mass per unit volume of a substance. It is denoted by the Greek letter rho.

Density

is an important characteristic of substances.

Buoyancy

is a measure of the upward force a fluid exerts on an object that is submerged.

Archimedes

a Greek mathematician realized that buoyant force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by an object.

Archimedes’ principle

means “the buoyant force applied by the fluid is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid.”

Pascal’s principle

states that, “in a fluid at rest in a closed container, a pressure change in one part is transmitted without loss to every portion of the fluid and to the walls of the container.”

Bernoulli’s Principle

A principle that states “The higher the fluid, the lower the pressure. Vice versa.”

Thermodynamics

is a branch of physics and engineering that focuses on converting energy, often in the form of heat and work.

Kinetic energy (KE)

the type of energy that’s involved with movement.

Translational kinetic energy

the most common form of energy and is when something moves from one location to another.

Rotational kinetic energy

when something spins or rotates.

Vibrational kinetic energy

when something shakes and vibrates.

Potential energy (PE)

is a type of energy that can come from where something is, even if it’s not moving.

Internal energy

is the energy associated with the seemingly random movement of molecules.

Stationary System or Closed System

kinetic and potential energies do not change, where no fluid is moving in or out.

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

compare temperature with different objects.

First Law of Thermodynamics

“heat as a form of energy, which means it can neither be created nor destroyed, but we can convert it.”

Adiabatic heating

occurs when the pressure of a gas is increased by work done on it by its surroundings

The ideal Otto cycle

is an example of an isochoric process when it is assumed that the burning of the gasoline

Heat (Q)

which is the flow of thermal energy.

Work

which is essentially any type of energy other than heat.

Thermodynamic process

is a change from initial state to a final state of a system that usually involves a change in its pressure, volume, or temperature.

Isobaric process

is a thermodynamic process change in the state of a certain amount of matter in which the pressure remains constant.

Adiabatic process

A process without transfer of heat to or from a system.

Isochoric process

also called a constant-volume process, an isovolumetric process, or an isometric process, is a thermodynamic process during which the volume of the closed system undergoing such a process remains constant

Isothermal process

is a process that occurs under constant temperature but other parameters of the system can be changed accordingly.

Temperature

is a physical quantity that expresses hot and cold. It is the manifestation of thermal energy. Is measured with a thermometer.

Thermometers

are calibrated in various temperature scales that historically have used various reference points and thermometric substances for definition.

Absolute zero

the lowest theoretical temperature. At which no more thermal energy can be extracted from a body.