Carbohydrates

Heteropolysaccharides are...

NSP

Heteropolysaccharides (3)

hemicellulose, pectin, arabinoxylans

Heteropolysaccharides- hemicellulose composition (4)

Glucose, mannose, arabinose, galactose linked through beta 1,4 linkage

Heteropolysaccharides- hemicellulose found in...

Plant cell wall- only able to be degraded by microbial enzymes

Heteropolysaccharides- pectin composition (3)

Glucose, galacturonic acid, uronic acid linked through alpha 1,4 linkages

Heteropolysaccharides- pectin found in...

Between cell walls- only able to be degraded by microbial enzymes

Heteropolysaccharides- arabinoxylan composition (2)

Arabinose, xylose linked through beta 1,4 linkages

Homopolysaccharide- cellulose composition (1)

Beta-D-glucose linked through beta 1,4 linkages

Homopolysaccharide- cellulose stability

Highly stable

Purest form of cellulose

Cotton

Most abundant CHO in nature

Cellulose

Percentage of cellulose in fibrous plants

25-30%

Fiber and energy correlation

Inverse relationshup

NSP to energy content relationship

Inversely linear (1:1)

Fiber degrading enzyme effect on performance (6)

Decreased sticky droppings, decreased intestinal length, increased crude protein, increased starch, increase NSP (apparent digestibility)

Supplementing glucanase and xylanase in broiler chickens...

Increased barley weight gain significantly, but not quite to the level of corn

NSP and digesta viscosity relationship

Higher NSP, higher digest viscosity, slower rate of passage but TOO slow

NSP and energy relationship

Inverse

NSP and digestibility relationship

Inverse

Antinutritional effect of NSP

Decreased protein, starch, and lipid digestiuon

What reduces viscosity and relieved the effect of NSPs

Fiber-degrading enzymes

NSP efficiency (3)

Poultry> swine>>> other livestock

Poultry have faster enzyme response than swine because...

They have shorter GI tract

Fiber is absolutely critical in the diets of which species? (2)

Ruminants and horses

Fiber is not really important in the diets of which species? (2)

Poultry and swine

What are some exceptions to fiber importance in the diets of poultry and swine? (3)

Sows, laying hens, broiler breeders

DDGS usage

Increases as corn prices increase

DDGS fiber content compared to corn

Higher

Fiber in dog, cat, and human diets usually act as...

A filler, we don't get much energy from fiber

High fiber diets in humans are associated with... (2)

Reduced colon cancer and decreased heart disease

Soluble fibers in human nutrition (4)

Gums, pectins, hemicellulose, mucilages

Soluble fiber in human nutrition sources (4)

Fruits (apple citrus), oats, barley, legumes

Soluble fiber in human nutrition action (3)

Delays GI transit, delays glucose absorption, lowers cholesterol

Insoluble fibers in human nutrition (3)

Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin

Insoluble fibers in human nutrition sources (3)

Wheat bran, corn bran, vegetables (cabbage, carrots, celery)

Insoluble fibers in human nutrition action (3)

Accelerate GI transit, slow starch digestion, delay glucose absorption

Structural noncarbohydrate

Lignin

Lignin and age relationship in plants

Directly proportional

Phenylpropane units

Wraps around cellulose and hemicellulose for great rigidity of plants

Lignin is a polymer of...

Phenylpropane units

Lignin and digestibility relationship

Inverse

Lignin makes plants...

Undigestible to animals and bacteria

Lignin role in digestibility trials

Markers

The reason why lignin is not used in digestibility trials

Hard to analyze

Protein, leaves, and mineral content relationship to plant age

Inverse

Sweeteners (2)

nutritive, non-nutritive

nutritive sweeteners provide…

energy = calories

nutritive sweeteners (4)

sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, honey, sugar alcohols

sugar alcohols

poorly absorbed - low but not 0 calories

sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, lactitol

non-nutritive provide…

no energy = 0 calories

non nutritive

artificial sweetners

sucrose class

disaccharide

glucose class

monosaccharide

fructose class

monosaccharide

invert sugar class

monosaccharide

maltose class

disaccharide

lactose class

disaccharide

galactose class

monosaccharide

sucrose components

glucose + fructose

glucose components

glucose

fructose components

fructose

invert sugar components

glucose +fructose

maltose components

glucose + glucose

lactose components

glucose + galactose

galactose components

galactose

what does the term sugar or simple sugar refer to

mono or disaccharides in diet

what is the sweetest sugar

sucrose - 100

invert sugar - 126

fructose - 174

what is the least sweet sugar

lactose

trade name for saccharin

sweet’n’low sugar twin

what is the trade name of cyclamate

banned in the US

what is the trade name aspartame

nutrasweet

what is the trade name of acesulfame K

sweet one sunnett

what is the trade name of sucralose

splenda

what is the sweetest artificial sugar

splenda/sucralose

what is the least sweet sweetener

cyclamate - banned in US though

acesulfame K/sweet one sunnett

what are sugar alcohols used in

chewing come - contain calories, but do not promote cavities

what is 200x sweeter than sucrose

aspartame - pheylalanine aspartic acid

what is 7000-13000 times sweeter than sucrose

neotame - 3,3 dimethylbutyl group added