Micro Exam 1

prion

infectious proteins

example of prion disease

CJD

Nervous system infections in humans and animals

viruses

non-living, infectious nucleoprotein in capsid

viroids

just pieces of infectious RNA

Archaea

non-pathogenic

survive in extreme environments

no nucleus or organelles

Eubacteria

pathogenic or symbiotic

-no nucleus or organelles

-most well known

eubacteria size

1uM

eukaryotes

contain nucleus and organelles

protozoa

fungi

size of eukaryotes

10-100 uM

unicellular eukaryotes

yeast

multicellular eukaryotes

mold

helminths

parasites like nematodes

not microbes despite being microscopic

nucleus of eukaryotes

DNA and transcription

ER of eukaryotes

protein synthesis and modification

ribosomes of eukaryotes

protein synthesis

in cytoplasm or ER

lysosomes in eukaryotes

cellular digestion

nucleoid of prokaryotes

DNA w/ proteins (chromosome)

plasmid of prokaryotes

extra DNA, transferrable and modifiable

parts of cell envelope in prokaryotes

outer membrane

glycocalyx

capsule

slime layer

flagella

pili

outer membrane of GN prokaryotes

contains LPS

LPS

antigen for immune response

-fragments can be endotoxin

beta lactams target:

cell wall synthesis

glycocalyx of prokaryotes

polysaccharides and proteins

form layer outside of cell wall = slime or capsule layer

glycocalyx purpose

help invasiveness and pathogenicity

capsule of prokaryotes

compact w/ many polysaccharides

-protection against phagocytosis

examples of organisms with capsules

K. pneumo and S. pneumo

-pneumonia and meningitis

slime layer of prokaryotes

loose, unorganized sugar protein that absorbs and retains water

-enhance adherence

-protect from antibiotics and dessication

example of prokaryote with slime layer

S. mutans plaque formation

flagella

E. coli in urinary tract

-highly antigenic

pili

virulence factor

-N. gonorrheae attach to cervical cells

flagella and pili in prokaryotes

attachment and motility

ribosomes in prokaryotes

protein synthesis

mycoplasma

no cell wall

-pleomorphic

-do not respond to beta lactams b/c no cell wall

mycoplasma disease

atypical pneumonia

M. pneumo

acid fast staining

bacteria w/ lots of mycolic acid that do not stain on GS

MTB

Spiral organism

borrelia (Lyme)

Comma organism

Vibrio cholerae

S-shape organism

campy

Pleomorphic organism

mycoplasma

clustered organism

staph

chained organism

strep

diplococcus

Neisseria

API testing

Breakdown of sugar and amino acids

Fermentation of substrates produces acids

Catalase

breakdown of hydrogen peroxide

oxidase

purple is positive

immunologic methods to ID organisms

-capsular swelling

-slide agglutination

-ELISA

-serologic (RPR and phage typing)

capsular swelling

-capsule swells when ab is present

-can ID 90 serotypes of S. pneumo

slide agglutination

-directed against cell wall O ag of LPS

-antibodies -> agglutination

ELISA

ab-ag (w/ enzyme)

-substrate acts on enzyme to produce color change

Syphilis RPR (serologic)

detects cardiolipin

phage typing (serologic)

susceptibility to lysis by bacteriophage

serotyping via susceptibility

what 2 organisms are serotypes by phage typing

S. aureus

S. enterica Typhi

genetic ID of organisms

sensitive, specific, fast

-DNA PCR amplification

-DNA probes (MALDI - fluorescence)

-DNA sequencing

how are cell counts estimated via concentration

-viable cell count w/ dilution

-estimation via absorbance

-dry weight

what is a closed system

growth of bacteria w/ limited resources

growth curve in a closed system

Lag phase

Exponential growth phase

Stationary phase

Death phase

lag phase

bacteria are adapting

enzymes + chemicals accumulate

exponential growth face

exponential cell division

stationary phase

growth stops b/c resources run out

death phase

cells die or go dormant

toxic compounds release

open system

Chemostat or bioreceptor supplies constant nutrients and removes dead cells

use of open system

make antibiotics, insulin, alcohol

what bacteria is used to make antibiotics

streptomyces

bactericidal antibiotic

penicillin

inhibits cell wall synthesis

bacteriostatic antibiotic

tetracycline

inhibits protein synthesis

heat antimicrobial

denatures proteins

radiation antimicrobial

damages DNA

alcohol antimicrobial

dissolves membrane

aldehydes microbial

in essential oils

phenols antimicrobial

triclosan

inhibition of fatty acid synthesis (membrane biogenesis)

bleach antimicrobial

sodium hypochlorite

oxidize protein and lipids

heavy metals antimicrobial

Ag in would dressings

inhibit enzymes and DNA replication

catabolism

breaks down molecules

produces small units and energy

anabolism

builds molecules

produces larger molecules, uses energy

assimilatory pathways

incorporate inoragnic molecules into organic ones

example of assimilatory pathway

nitrogen assimilation (plants)

nitrogen containing cellular components

nucleic acids

urea

nitrogen assimilation

nitrogen -> ammonium

-assimilated into organic molecules

how is nitrogen assimilated organic molecules (ammonium)

Glutamine production

-facilitation of biosynthesis of macromolecules (proteins and nucleotides_

glutamine

precursor of amino acids and nucleotides

example of a biosynthetic pathway

photosynthesis

substrate level phosphorylation

ATP synthesis in glycolysis

Glucose w/ substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation

ATP synthesis in glycolysis

NADH is made by glycolysis and citric acid cycle

-NADH enters electron transport chain to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation

glucose w/ substrate level or oxidative phosphorylation

-cytosol can make ATP directly

-electrons are carried via NADH --> oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP (using proton motive force)

Proton motive force

-powers most of ATP synthesis (oxidative phosphorylation)

-more electrons = stronger proton gradient = more ATP made

-electron transport builds gradient

-ATP synthesis uses gradient to make ATP

regulation of metabolic pathways

feedback

example of metabolic pathway regulation

tryptophan made from precursor

-also make metabolites and amino acids

-inhibits biosynthetic enzyme production and activity

eukaryotic genome

multiple linear chromosomes

diploid

mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular chromosome

what % of human genome is protein coding

2%

controlled by non-coding RNA

what % of human genome is jumping genes

45%

segments of DNA that cut themselves out and insert elsewhere into the genome

introns

interrupt genes

prokaryotic genome

Haploid

Single circular DNA

~1k genes

More genes on plasmids

Segments of DNA get horizontally transferred

do pathogenic bacteria have more or less genes? why?

Less b/c they get energy from host cells so they don't need extra resources to make their own resources

viral genome

Can't grow or metabolize

Only multiple via replication in the host

Nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)

Many viruses only have a few genes

bacteriophage

virus that infects bacteria

transformation

bacteria uptake environmental DNA

transduction

DNA from phages

conjugation

bacterial sex

transfection

DNA uptake by animal cells

Bacteria to amplify DNA and make proteins

HGH

-put HGH into bacteria and it multiplies to clone the gene for you