idk what's happening chpt 1, 4, and 5 slides

just slides

1) Some form of ORDER
2) Response to environment and the ability
to adapt...EVOLUTION
3) The capacity for energy processing and
regulation...METABOLISM
4) The capacity for growth, development
and reproduction...INFORMATION PROCESSING AND CONTROL

All living things display

The Biosphere
• Ecosystems
• Communities
• Populations
• Organisms
• Organs and Organ Systems
• Tissues
• Cells
• Organelles
• Molecules

Vertical Organization:

Prokaryotes

single cell organisms

phylogenetic trees

Organisms are classified relative to each
other in ____

Cells do work (chemical,
mechanical, transport)
• Cells pass on information
to their progeny about
how to do the same work

Cells do two things:

carbon

All living organisms consist of molecules
based on the element____

proteins, DNA, lipids, carbohydrates

Carbon forms large molecules

H, O, N, S, P

carbon bonds to

Organic chemistry is now based upon the
concept of MECHANISMS
– the study of carbon
containing molecules, regardless of their origin

Organic chemistry is now based upon the
concept of MECHANISMS

four, four

Carbon has ___ valence electrons
– Allows for the formation of ___ covalent bonds with a
variety of atoms
• Completes valance shell
– Makes large, complex molecules possible

carbon chains

Form the skeletons of most organic molecules
– Vary in length and shape

hydrocarbons

contain only carbon and hydrogen

isomers

molecules with the same molecular formula but
different structures and properties

structural, geometric, Enantiomers

three types of isomers

structural isomers

Differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms

geometric isomers

Have the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial
arrangements. arise from the inflexibility of double
bonds which prevent the free rotation of atoms around the bond axis.
• These differences can drastically affect the biological activity of organic
molecules

Enantiomers isomers

Molecules which are the mirror image of one another

functional groups

chemically reactive groups of atoms within an
organic molecule
– Replace hydrogens bound to carbon sk

Hydroxyl
– Carbonyl
– Carboxyl
– Amino
– Sulfhydryl
– Phosphate

Six functional groups

ATP

Important source of energy for cellular
processes
• Consists of an organic molecule called
adenosine attached to three inorganic
phosphate groups.

Carbohydrates
– Lipids
– Proteins
– Nucleic acids

Four main classes of large biological
molecules (macromolecules)

macromolecules

Large molecules (polymers) composed of
smaller molecules (monomers)

synthesis

condensation reactions (also called
dehydration reactions)
– water is removed from functional groups on
the monomers
• One monomer loses a hydroxyl group –OH while
the other loses a Hydrogen (H)
– Reactions require cellular enzymes and ATP

Polymer Breakdown
– Hydrolysis reaction

• Water is added
– OH added to one monomer
– H added to other monomer
– Example:
• Digestion

polymer, monomers

Each class of ____ is formed from a
specific set of _____

Monosaccharides
– Disaccharides
– Polysacchardies

three types of carbs

Monosaccharides

simplest sugars
– used for fuel
– combined into disaccharides and polysaccharides
(polymers) via condensation reactions

Disaccharides

consist of two monosaccharides
– joined by a glycosidic linkage
• Covalent bond formed between two
monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
EX:

Malt sugar
–Lactose (milk sugar)
–Sucrose (table sugar)

Polysaccharides

Serve many roles in organisms
• Energy storage
– Starch (plants)
– Glycogen (animals)
• Building material for structures that protect the cell

Cellulose

Most abundant organic compound on Earth
» Plant cell wall

– Chitin

Used by arthropods to build their exoskeleton

lipids

Provide long term energy storage and structure
• Generally hydrophobic
• Consist of one glycerol and three fatty acid molecules

un/saturated fats

types of lipids

Saturated fatty acids

Have as many hydrogens bonded to their carbon as
possible
– Solid at room temp
– No double bonds and molecules are packed tightly
together

– Unsaturated fatty acids (mono and poly)

– They have one or more double bonds connecting their carbons,
and fewer hydrogens
– Liquid at room temp and molecules are not packed tightly
together.

Phospholipids

Only two fatty acids
• phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

phospholipids consist of Consists of a ____“head” and
_____ “tails”

bilayers

In water, form ____ in cells to “shield”
hydrophobic end from water

Structural – cellular support
– Enzymatic - enzymes
– Defense - antibodies
– Receptor – response to some stimuli
– Transport – transmembrane proteins

types of proteins

protein

consists of one or more polypeptides

Polypeptides

=polymers of amino acids

Amino acids

– organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and
amino groups
– differ in their properties due to differing side chains
– 20 known amino acids
– linked by peptide bonds
• between the carboxyl group of the first amino acid and the amino group of the second amino acid

Primary
• Secondary
• Tertiary
• Quaternary structure

4 Levels of Protein Structure
– Arise when a protein consists of two or more
polypeptide chains

Primary structure:

the unique sequence of
amino acids in a polypeptide

Secondary structure:

folding or coiling of the
polypeptide into a repeating configuration (includes
the  helix and the  pleated sheet

Tertiary structure:

overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide.
Results from interactions between amino acids and side
chains

Quaternary structure:

overall protein structure that results
from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits

Denaturation:

protein unravels and loses its
native conformation

nuclic acid

Store and transmit hereditary information

DNA and RNA

types of nucleic acid

DNA

Information storage
• Provides direction for it’s own replication.
• Directs RNA synthesis
• Through the activity of RNA, DNA directs protein synthesis

RNA

Information storage
• Provides direction for it’s own replication.
• Directs RNA synthesis
• Through the activity of RNA, DNA directs protein synthesis

polynucleotides

macromolecules that exist as polymers called
_____
– Made up of monomers called nucleotides

Nucleotide

consist of
• A nitrogenous base
– Form hydrogen bonds in a complementary fashion
• A pentose (5 carbon sugar)
• A phosphate group

DNA double helix

consists of two antiparallel
nucleotide strands