Respiratory Drugs pt 1 (study alongside notes)

The abbreviation URI stands for __________ __________ __________ infection.

Upper respiratory tract

Examples of URIs include the common cold, __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, __________, and hay fever.

laryngitis; pharyngitis; rhinitis; sinusitis; tonsillitis; influenza

URIs involve the __________, __________, and __________.

nose; pharynx; larynx

Fluid dripping down from the nasal passages can cause symptoms such as __________ __________, __________, __________ __________, __________, and __________ __________.

sore throat; coughing; upset stomach; sneezing; nasal congestion

Treatment often includes a combination of __________, __________ __________, __________, and __________.

antihistamines; nasal decongestants; antitussives; expectorants

These medications are not recommended for children younger than __________ years old.

2

Antihistamines block the action of __________ by occupying __________ receptors.

histamine; H1

By blocking histamine, they prevent __________, __________, and __________ associated with allergic reactions.

edema; itching; bronchoconstriction

Traditional antihistamines are older drugs that work both __________ and __________.

peripherally; centrally

An example of a traditional antihistamine is __________ (generic name: __________).

Benadryl; diphenhydramine

Non-sedating antihistamines are newer drugs that work only __________.

peripherally

Examples of non-sedating antihistamines include __________ (loratadine), __________ (fexofenadine), and __________ (cetirizine).

Claritin; Allegra; Zyrtec

Antihistamines are used to treat __________, __________ allergies, __________ __________, __________, and __________ that occurs in anaphylaxis.

rhinitis; nasal; hay fever; rash; pruritus

Adverse effects vary in the degree of __________ (also called __________) and include __________ effects such as __________ __________, __________, and __________ __________.

sedation; drowsiness; anticholinergic; dry mouth; constipation; urinary retention

Antihistamines are contraindicated in patients with __________, __________, __________ obstruction, and __________.

glaucoma; pregnancy; urinary; hypertension

Nursing measures include teaching patients to avoid __________ and other __________ __________.

alcohol; CNS depressants

Antihistamines should be discontinued __________ days prior to allergy testing.

4

Nasal decongestants work as __________ drugs that constrict blood vessels to reduce swelling.

adrenergic

Oral example: __________ (generic name: __________).

Sudafed; pseudoephedrine

Nasal spray examples include __________ (generic name: __________) and __________.

Afrin; oxymetazoline; phenylephrine

The mechanism of action (MOA) is to reduce nasal __________ and __________ by constricting __________ and blood vessels around the nasal sinuses.

congestion; edema; arterioles

They are used to relieve __________ associated with respiratory infections, __________, and the __________ __________.

rhinitis; allergies; common cold

These drugs are contraindicated in patients with __________, __________ __________, and __________ __________ __________.

hypertension; heart disease; narrow angle glaucoma

Common adverse effects include __________, __________, and __________.

nervousness; palpitations; insomnia

Repeated use of nasal sprays can lead to __________ __________; use should be limited to _____ days.

rebound congestion; 3–5

Inhaled intranasal steroid examples include __________ (generic name: __________), __________ (generic name: __________), and __________ (generic name: __________).

Flonase; fluticasone; Nasacort; triamcinolone; Rhinocort; budesonide

The mechanism of action (MOA) is to decrease __________ in the nasal passages, improving patient __________ and __________ exchange.

inflammation; comfort; air

These medications are often used __________ to prevent nasal __________ in patients with chronic upper respiratory symptoms.

prophylactically; congestion

They are contraindicated in patients with __________ __________ __________ or a __________ __________.

nasal mucosal infection; drug allergy

Adverse effects include nasal __________ and __________.

irritation; dryness

Unlike adrenergic sprays, corticosteroid nasal sprays are not associated with __________ __________.

rebound congestion

Examples of antitussives include __________ or __________ (opioids), __________ __________ (benzonatate), and __________ (non-opioid), sometimes in combination as __________ DM.

Codeine; hydrocodone; Tessalon Perles; dextromethorphan; Robitussin

The mechanism of action (MOA) is to __________ the cough reflex.

suppress

Opioid antitussives also provide __________.

analgesia

Tessalon Perles works by numbing the __________ __________ in the respiratory tract.

stretch receptors

Codeine and hydrocodone are contraindicated with __________ use and require caution in patients with __________ depression or __________ depression.

alcohol; CNS; respiratory

Antitussives are used for __________, __________, non-productive coughs that interfere with __________.

dry; hacking; sleep

Examples of expectorants include __________, __________, and __________ (generic name: guaifenesin).

Robitussin; Mucinex; Humibid

The mechanism of action (MOA) is to reduce __________ __________ of respiratory secretions, resulting in __________ mucus that is easier to __________ and __________.

surface tension; thinner; cough; expectorate

Expectorants are used for __________ coughs associated with the common cold, __________, __________, and other respiratory conditions.

productive; bronchitis; pharyngitis

Adverse effects are usually minimal but may include __________, __________, or __________ __________.

nausea; vomiting; gastric irritation

Nursing measures include encouraging patients to increase __________ intake (unless contraindicated) to help break up mucus and clear __________.

fluid; congestion

__________ is an airway disorder characterized by __________, __________, and hyperactivity to various stimuli.

Asthma; bronchoconstriction; inflammation

__________ __________ and __________ are collectively called __________ (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

Chronic bronchitis; emphysema; COPD

COPD leads to increasing __________ and __________ __________.

dyspnea; activity intolerance

Other lower respiratory tract disorders include __________ __________ and __________ __________ __________ __________.

cystic fibrosis; infant respiratory distress syndrome

Asthma is a __________ and __________ shortness of breath airway disorder, often associated with __________.

recurrent; reversible; wheezing

It is characterized by __________, __________, and edema, which cause thick __________.

bronchoconstriction; inflammation; mucus

Common triggers include __________ (such as pollen, dust, and certain foods), __________, and certain __________.

allergies; exercise; drugs

Asthma can also occur in patients with no known history of __________.

allergies

Treatment includes __________-term control medications and __________ relief (rescue) medications.

long; quick

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are commonly called __________ (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).

COPD

COPD is a __________ obstruction disorder that usually develops after long-standing exposure to airway __________, such as __________ __________.

constant; irritants; cigarette smoke

COPD leads to increasing __________ and __________ __________.

dyspnea; activity intolerance

There are two major drug groups that treat asthma and COPD: __________ and __________ drugs.

Bronchodilators; anti-inflammatory

__________ include beta-2 adrenergics, anticholinergics, and xanthine derivatives.

Bronchodilators

__________ drugs help reduce inflammation in the airways.

Anti-inflammatory

_______ are commonly used during the acute phase of an asthma attack.

Beta-adrenergic bronchodilators

They work by stimulating the __________ nervous system.

sympathetic

These medications are considered __________ or __________ medications.

rescue; reliever

The primary effect is to reduce airway __________ and restore __________ to normal.

constriction; airflow

Beta-adrenergic bronchodilators act specifically on the __________ __________ receptors in the lungs.

beta-2

The generic name for Proventil or Ventolin is ___________________.

albuterol

These drugs are classified as ____________________ that stimulate ___________________ receptors in the lungs.

short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists (bronchodilators); beta-2 adrenergic

The mechanism of action (MOA) is that they relax ____________________ to relieve ____________________ and reduce airway ____________________.

bronchial smooth muscles; bronchospasms; constriction

They are considered ____________________ or ____________________ medications for acute asthma attacks.

rescue; reliever

The onset of action after inhalation is about __________ to __________ minutes.

5–10

Common adverse effects include ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.

tremors, restlessness, palpitations, tachycardia, hyperglycemia, headache

Nursing Measures: Teach patients that overuse of these short-acting beta-2 agonists can lead to ____________________ ____________________ effects.

decreased bronchodilating

Patients should also be taught the correct way to use an ____________________.

inhaler

Other drugs in this class include ____________________ (levalbuterol), ____________________ (pirbuterol), ____________________ (terbutaline), and ____________________ (metaproterenol).

Xoponex; Maxair; Brethine; Alupent