Prejudice and Stereotyping Quiz I

Prejudice

An attitude directed toward people because they are members of a specific social group

Discrimination

Treating people differently based on group membership

Stereotypes

Associations and attributions of specific characteristics to a group

Implicit bias

People harbor mental associations based on social categories that may lead to discrimination without intent or possibly even awareness

Explicit bias

Attitudes, behaviors, or thoughts that people are aware of and control

Unobtrusive measures

Behavioral measures that appear to have nothing to do with prejudice and discrimination

Physiological Measures

Changes in body response to a stimulus

Implicit Cognition Measures

Assess associations between concepts in our minds; if the strength of an association between a concept and a negative idea is stronger than the strength of a concept and a positive idea, this indicates prejudice

Social Identity Theory

Part of the self-concept that derives from membership in groups important to a person, leads to feelings of positivity towards the individual-group, biases emerge even for minimal groups-groups that have no real social meaning

Relative Deprivation Theory

Prejudice results from resentment when another group is believed to have more resources than one's own group

Realistic Conflict Theory

People are motivated to maximize the resources they receive in life. Outgroups are seen as competing with the in group for resources. Zero sum competition

Social Dominance Orientation

The preference for clearly defined social power structures

Right wing authoritarianism

A personality style marked by submission to authority strict adherence to social conventions and hostility towards those who defy established norms

Intergroup Threat Theory

Prejudice derives from: perceptions of realistic threats, perceptions of symbolic threats

Cognitive theory

Prejudice is viewed as universal and inevitable I stereotyping is a normal cognitive process that simplifies processing social information, simpler to think of all members in a group as similar

Subtypes

People belong to more than one basic category at once. Subtypes can be created to incorporate intersectionality

Top-down Processing

Relies on prior knowledge stored in memory

Bottom-up Processing

Based on the characteristics of the people we encounter

Outgroup homogeneity effect

More contact with in-group than out-group motivation to maintain individuality

Cross Racial Identification Bias

Lack of effort, lack of experience

Ingroup Overexclusion

Do not want to accidentally let in an out-group member

The Ultimate Attribution Error

Excuse your groups actions with situational factors and condemn out-group for dispositional factors

Social Role Theory

People observe and pay attention to the social race roles others occupy, correspondence bias, social roles then shape behavior

Illusory Correlation

Incorrectly linking two characteristics